Just Accepted Manuscripts
Articles

Atlas of the herpetofauna of Batna Province and the Belezma Biosphere Reserve, north-eastern Algeria

Idriss Bouam
University of Batna 2
Ahmed Abdennebi
Conservation des Forêts de la Wilaya de Batna
Larbi Tahar Chaouch
Ibn Khaldoun University of Tiaret
Toufik Lemoufek
Algerian Wildlife Watchers Association
Elalmi Benmokhtar
Algerian Wildlife Watchers Association
Tahar Mebarki
District des Forêts de Seggana
Lazhar Moulahcene
Algerian Wildlife Watchers Association
Amar Kherchouche
Circonscription des Forêts d’Aïn Touta

Published 2025-08-06

Keywords

  • Amphibia,
  • Reptilia,
  • diversity,
  • conservation,
  • biogeography,
  • North Africa
  • ...More
    Less

How to Cite

Bouam, I., Abdennebi, A., Tahar Chaouch, L., Lemoufek, T., Benmokhtar, E., Mebarki, T., Moulahcene, L., Kherchouche, A., & Messaoudi, T. (2025). Atlas of the herpetofauna of Batna Province and the Belezma Biosphere Reserve, north-eastern Algeria. Acta Herpetologica. https://doi.org/10.36253/a_h-17427

Abstract

Algeria, the largest country in Africa, exhibits significant gaps in knowledge regarding species' geographical distributions, particularly for herpetofauna. This deficiency is attributed in part to the country's vast geographical expanse, limited local engagement in herpetological research, and persistent underfunding for biodiversity studies. This study presents the first comprehensive atlas of the herpetofauna of Batna Province, northeastern Algeria, including the Belezma Biosphere Reserve, marking a critical step toward developing a national herpetofaunal atlas. Based on 12 years of field surveys and a critical review of historical records spanning nearly 150 years, we document 47 species (4 amphibians and 43 reptiles), including seven new provincial records and five species not reported in Batna for over 130 years. Our findings indicate that Batna harbours over two-fifths of Algeria's known herpetofaunal diversity, highlighting its significance as a biodiversity hotspot. This study also provides Arabic common names for the recorded species to enhance public engagement while offering insights into species richness distribution patterns, conservation, and biogeography. We believe this atlas addresses critical knowledge gaps and will contribute to more accurate biodiversity assessments while informing effective conservation planning in Algeria and the Mediterranean region.

References

  1. Abreu, J.M.B. (2017): Phylogenetic and diversity patterns of the Algerian whip snake Hemorrhois algirus. Unpublished master dissertation. University of Porto, Porto.
  2. Aghasyan, A., Avci, A., Tuniyev, B., Lymberakis, P., Andrén, C., Cogălniceanu, D., et al. (2021): Malpolon insignitus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T157253A744783. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T157253A744783.en
  3. Ahmadzadeh, F., Flecks, M., Carretero, M.A., Böhme, W., Ihlow, F., Kapli, P., Miraldo, A., Rödder, D. (2016): Separate histories in both sides of the Mediterranean: phylogeny and niche evolution of ocellated lizards. J. Biogeogr. 43: 1242-1253.
  4. Angel, F. (1923): Reptiles du Sahara, rapportés par la mission du colonel Hovart. Description d’un Ophidien nouveau du genre Rhamphiophis. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 29: 205-208.
  5. Baha El Din, S. (2006): A Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Egypt. Cairo, The American University in Cairo Press.
  6. Baier, F., Schmitz, A., Sauer-Gürth, H., Wink, M. (2017): Pre-Quaternary divergence and subsequent radiation explain longitudinal patterns of genetic and morphological variation in the striped skink, Heremites vittatus. BMC Evol. Biol. 17: 132.
  7. Barata, M., Harris, D.J., Castilho, R. (2008): Comparative phylogeography of northwest African Natrix maura (Serpentes: Colubridae) inferred from mtDNA sequences. Afr. Zool. 43: 1-7.
  8. Beddek, M., Zenboudji-Beddek, S., Geniez, P., Fathalla, R., Sourouille, P., Arnal, V., Dellaoui, B., Koudache, F., Telailia, S., Peyre, O., Crochet, P-A. (2018): Comparative phylogeography of amphibians and reptiles in Algeria suggests common causes for the east-west phylogeographic breaks in the Maghreb. PLoS ONE 13: e0201218.
  9. Benelkadi, H.A., Mammeri, A., Amroun, M. (2021): Biogeography, inventory and new data on reptiles of M’sila region, Algeria. Zool. Ecol. 31: 86-98.
  10. Bernard, A., Ficheur, É. (1902): Les régions naturelles de l’Algérie: Second article. Ann. Géogr. 11: 339-365.
  11. Bertolero, A., Busack, S.D. (2017): Mauremys leprosa (Schoepff in Schweigger 1812) – Mediterranean Pond Turtle, Spanish Terrapin, Mediterranean Stripe-necked Terrapin. In: Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelon. Res. Monogr. 5: 102, pp. 1-19. Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., Mittermeier, R.A., Eds, Arlington, Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy.
  12. Bezaz, Y.I., Hadjab, R., Khammar, H., Redjaimia, L., Saheb, M. (2021): First data on the diversity of the herpetofauna of the Oum El Bouaghi Region (Northeast of Algeria). Ecol. Environ. Conserv. 27: 983-989.
  13. Bischoff, W., In Den Bosch, H.A.J. (1991): Zur Kenntnis von Psammodromus blanci (Lataste, 1880): Morphologie, Verbreitung, Ökologie und Paarungsbiologie. Salamandra 27: 163-180.
  14. Bouam, I., Necer, A., Saoudi, M., Tahar-Chaouch, L., Khelfaoui, F. (2016): Diet and daily activity patterns of the lacertid lizard Psammodromus algirus (Sauria: Lacertidae) in a semi-arid Mediterranean region. Zool. Ecol. 26: 244-252.
  15. Bouam, I., Necer, A., Saoudi, M. (2017): Highest altitudinal record of the ocellated lizard Timon pater (Lataste, 1880) (Squamata: Lacertidae). Herpetol. Notes 10: 101-102.
  16. Bouam, I., Benmokhtar, E., Guechi, R. (2019): A fortuitous encounter with the Vulnerable Vipera latastei: a new locality record from Algeria and distributional range extension. Herpetol. Notes 12: 809-812.
  17. Bouam, I., Merzougui, S. (2021): A new provincial record and an updated distribution map for Pleurodeles nebulosus (Guichenot, 1850) in Algeria, with a new elevational record for the species (Amphibia: Salamandridae). Herpetol. Notes 14: 927-931.
  18. Bouam, I., Khelfaoui, F., Saoudi, M. (2022): Inferring probable distributional gaps and climate change impacts on the medically important viper Echis leucogaster in the western Sahara-Sahel: An ecological niche modeling approach. Biodiversitas 23: 5175-5183.
  19. Bouam, I., Chedad, A., Sadine, S.E. (2024): Swimming in the Sahara: a new locality record and range extension of Natrix maura (Linnaeus, 1758) (Squamata, Colubridae) from central Algeria. Arx. Misc. Zool. 22: 129-142.
  20. Boulaouad, B.A., Bakhouche, B., Friel, B., Escoriza, D. (2023): African Spurred Tortoise Centrochelys sulcata: Range extension to Algeria. Herpetol. Bull. 164: 44-45.
  21. Boulenger, G.A. (1887): Remarks on Dr. A. Strauch’s Catalogue of the Geckos in the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19: 383-388.
  22. Boulenger, G.A. (1891): Catalogue of the Reptiles and Batrachians of Barbary (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), based chiefly upon the Notes and Collections made in 1880–1884 by M. Fernand Lataste. Trans. Zool. Soc. London 13: 93-164.
  23. Boulenger, G.A. (1921): Monograph of the Lacertidae. Volume II. London, Printed by order of the Trustees.
  24. Brito, J.C., Godinho, R., Martínez-Freiría, F., Pleguezuelos, J.M., Rebelo, H., Santos, X., et al. (2014): Unravelling biodiversity, evolution and threats to conservation in the Sahara‐Sahel. Biol. Rev. 89: 215-231.
  25. Burriel-Carranza, B., Tarroso, P., Els, J., Gardner, A., Soorae, P., Mohammed, A.A., et al. (2019): An integrative assessment of the diversity, phylogeny, distribution, and conservation of the terrestrial reptiles (Sauropsida, Squamata) of the United Arab Emirates. PLoS ONE 14: e0216273.
  26. Busack, S.D., McCoy, C.J. (1990): Distribution, variation and biology of Macroprotodon cucullatus (Reptilia, Colubridae, Boiginae). Ann. Carnegie Mus. 59: 261-285.
  27. Caeiro-Dias, G., Luís, C., Pinho, C., Crochet, P-A., Sillero, N., Kaliontzopoulou, A. (2018): Lack of congruence of genetic and niche divergence in Podarcis hispanicus complex. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 56: 479-492.
  28. Carranza, S., Arnold, E.N., Wade, E., Fahd, S. (2004): Phylogeography of the false smooth snakes, Macroprotodon (Serpentes, Colubridae): mitochondrial DNA sequences show European populations arrived recently from Northwest Africa. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 33: 523-532.
  29. Carranza, S., Arnold, E.N., Pleguezuelos, J.M. (2006): Phylogeny, biogeography, and evolution of two Mediterranean snakes, Malpolon monspessulanus and Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Squamata, Colubridae), using mtDNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 40: 532-546.
  30. Chedad, A., Bouam, I., El Bouhissi, M., Dahmani, W., Ait Hammou, M., Mebarki, M.T., Mezzi, M., Sadine, S.E. (2024): Moorish Viper, Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849) (Squamata, Viperidae), in Algeria: new provincial records, range extension, and an update on its distribution. Check List 20: 536-543.
  31. Chirio, L., Blanc, C.P. (1993): Existence in parapatry of two species of Ophisops in Algeria (Aures): zoogeographical implications. Amphibia-Reptilia 14: 341-347.
  32. Chirio, L., Blanc, C.P. (1997a): Analyse biogéographique du peuplement reptilien de l’Aurès (Algérie). Biogeographica 73: 13-22.
  33. Chirio, L., Blanc, C.P. (1997b): Statut et distribution des Reptiles dans le massif de l’Aurès (Algérie). J. Afr. Zool. 111: 205-233.
  34. Cogălniceanu, D., Castilla, A.M., Valdeón, A., Gosá, A., Al-Jaidah, N., Alkuwary, A., Saifelnasr, E.O.H., Mas-Peinado, P., Richer, R., Mohd Al-Hemaidi, A.A. (2014): A preliminary report on the distribution of lizards in Qatar. Zookeys 373: 67-91.
  35. Colley, M., Lougheed, S.C., Otterbein, K., Litzgus, J.D. (2017): Mitigation reduces road mortality of a threatened rattlesnake. Wildlife Res. 44: 48-59.
  36. Cox, N., Chanson, J., Stuart, S. (2006): The Status and Distribution of Reptiles and Amphibians of the Mediterranean Basin. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, IUCN.
  37. Daget, P. (1977): Le bioclimat Méditerranéen: Analyse des formes climatiques par le système d'Emberger. Vegetatio 34: 87-103.
  38. Denzer, W. (2021): The correct name for the North African rock lizard is Agama bibronii A. Duméril in Duméril & Duméril, 1851, not Agama impalearis Boettger, 1874 (Reptilia, Squamata). Bionomina 25: 76-80.
  39. Dufresnes, C., Mazepa, G., Jablonski, D., Oliveira, R.C., Wenseleers, T., Shabanov, D.A., et al. (2019): Fifteen shades of green: The evolution of Bufotes toads revisited. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 141: 106615.
  40. Dufresnes, C., Monod-Broca, B., Bellati, A., Canestrelli, D., Ambu, J., Wielstra, B., Dubey, S., Crochet, P-A., Denoël, M., Jablonski, D. (2024): Piecing the barcoding puzzle of Palearctic water frogs (Pelophylax) sheds light on amphibian biogeography and global invasions. Glob. Change Biol. 30: e17180.
  41. El Maalouf, A. (1985): معجم الحيوان [The Animal Lexicon]. Beirut, Dar Erraid El Arabi.
  42. Escoriza, D., Ben Hassine, J. (2019): Amphibians of North Africa. Academic Press.
  43. Escoriza, D., Díaz-Paniagua, C., Andreu, A., Ben Hassine, J. (2022): Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 (Western Subspecies Clade: Testudo g. graeca, T. g. cyrenaica, T. g. marokkensis, T. g. nabeulensis, T. g. whitei) – Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise, Moorish Tortoise, Libyan Tortoise, Moroccan Tortoise, Tunisian Tortoise, Souss Valley Tortoise. In: Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelon. Res. Monogr. 5: 117, pp. 1-18. Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., Mittermeier, R.A. Eds, Arlington, Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy.
  44. European Space Agency (2024): Copernicus Global Digital Elevation Model. Distributed by OpenTopography.
  45. Faria, J.F., Harris, D.J. (2020): Phylogeography of Psammodromus algirus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Morocco. Herpetol. Notes 13: 1055-1061.
  46. Fonseca, M.M., Brito, J.C., Rebelo, H., Kalboussi, M., Larbes, S., Carretero, M.A., Harris, D.J. (2008): Genetic variation among spiny-footed lizards in the Acanthodactylus pardalis group from North Africa. Afr. Zool. 43: 8-15.
  47. Fonseca, M.M., Brito, J.C., Paulo, O.S., Carretero, M.A., Harris, D.J. (2009): Systematic and phylogeographical assessment of the Acanthodactylus erythrurus group (Reptilia: Lacertidae) based on phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 51: 131-142.
  48. Frost, D.R. (2024): Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.2 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. New York, USA, American Museum of Natural History.
  49. Gauthier, H. (1932): Remarques sur la faune aquatique de la «Fontaine-Chaude» au nord de Batna, en Algérie. Bull. Soc. Hist. Natur. Afr. Nord 23: 105-108.
  50. GBIF.org (06 January 2025) GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.b2t77j
  51. Geniez, P. (2015): Serpents d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Moyen–Orient. Paris, Delachaux et Niestlé.
  52. Ghaleb, E. (1986): Encyclopedia of Natural Sciences. Beirut, Dar El-Machreq.
  53. Gherbi, N., Tiar-Saadi, M., Boucheker, A., Široký, P., Mezghiche, C., Draidi, K., Bouslama, Z., Tiar, G. (2023): Distribution and conservation status of European Pond Turtles Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) in Algeria. Diversity 15: 993.
  54. Chowdhury, S., Ahmed, S., Alam, S., Callaghan, C.T., Das, P., Di Marco, M., Di Minin, E., Jarić, I., Labi, M.M., Rokonuzzaman, M., Roll, U., Sbragaglia, V., Siddika, A., Bonn, A. (2024): A protocol for harvesting biodiversity data from Facebook. Conserv. Biol. 38: e14257.
  55. Gonçalves, D.V., Martínez-Freiría, F., Crochet, P-A., Geniez, P., Carranza, S., Brito, J.C. (2018): The role of climatic cycles and trans-Saharan migration corridors in species diversification: Biogeography of Psammophis schokari group in North Africa. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 118: 64-74.
  56. Harris, D.J., Perera, A. (2009): Phylogeography and genetic relationships of North African Bufo mauritanicus Schlegel, 1841 estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Biologia 64: 356-360.
  57. Harris, D.J., Sergiadou, D., Faria, J.F. (2024): New data on the diversity and distribution of lineages of the Acanthodactylus erythrurus species complex in North Africa derived from mitochondrial DNA markers. Herpetozoa 37: 281-286.
  58. Hortal, J., de Bello, F., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Lewinsohn, T.M., Lobo, J.M., Ladle, R.J. (2015): Seven shortfalls that beset large-scale knowledge of biodiversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. S. 46: 523-549.
  59. Husemann, M., Schmitt, T., Zachos, F.E., Ulrich, W., Habel, J.C. (2014): Palaearctic biogeography revisited: evidence for the existence of a North African refugium for Western Palaearctic biota. J. Biogeogr. 41: 81-94.
  60. Ineich, I., Martelli, J.L., Clary, J. (2003): Catalogue des collections de Reptiles du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Lyon. Cinquième note : amphisbéniens et sauriens (première partie). Cah. Sci. 2003: 53-86.
  61. Ineich, I., Martelli, J.L., Clary, J. (2005): Catalogue des collections de Reptiles du Muséum, Lyon. Sixième note : Sauriens (deuxième partie) et Rhynchocéphales. Cah. Sci. 8: 33-66.
  62. IUCN (2024): The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2024-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org
  63. Joger, U., Bischoff, W. (1989): Erste Ergebnisse einer herpetologischen Forschungsreise nach Nordwest-Afrika. Tier und Museum 1: 99-106.
  64. Joger, U., Slimani, T., El Mouden, H., Martínez-Solano, I., Geniez, P. (2009): Psammodromus blanci. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T61559A12491750. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61559A12491750.en
  65. Kaliontzopoulou, A., Pinho, C., Harris, D.J., Carretero, M.A. (2011): When cryptic diversity blurs the picture: a cautionary tale from Iberian and North African Podarcis wall lizards. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 103: 779-800.
  66. Kaliontzopoulou, A., Carretero, M.A., Llorente, G.A. (2012): Morphology of the Podarcis wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae) from the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa: patterns of variation in a putative cryptic species complex. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 164: 173-193.
  67. Kapli, P., Lymberakis, P., Poulakakis, N., Mantziou, G., Parmakelis, A., Mylonas, M. (2008): Molecular phylogeny of three Mesalina (Reptilia: Lacertidae) species (M. guttulata, M. brevirostris and M. bahaeldini) from North Africa and the Middle East: Another case of paraphyly? Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 49: 102-110.
  68. Kapli, P., Lymberakis, P., Crochet, P-A., Geniez, P., Brito, J.C., Almutairi, M., Ahmadzadeh, F., Schmitz, A., Wilms, T., Pouyani, N.R., Poulakakis, N. (2015): Historical biogeography of the lacertid lizard Mesalina in North Africa and the Middle East. J. Biogeogr. 42: 267-279.
  69. Khelfaoui, F., Bouam, I., Saoudi, M., Saadi, O., Tahar-Chaouch, L. (2023): Non-synergistic sexual and geographical morphological variation in the lacertid lizard Psammodromus algirus (Linnaeus, 1758) from North Africa. Herpetol. Notes 16: 889-895.
  70. Lataste, F. (1880a): Diagnoses de reptiles nouveaux d'Algérie. Le Naturaliste 2: 299.
  71. Lataste, F. (1880b): Diagnoses de reptiles nouveaux d'Algérie. Le Naturaliste 2: 306-307.
  72. Lataste, F. (1881): Diagnoses de reptiles nouveaux d'Algérie. Le Naturaliste 3: 357-359.
  73. Lataste, F. (1885): Les Acanthodactyles de Barbarie et les autres espèces du genre. Description d´une nouvelle espèce, du pays des çomalis (Acanthodactylus Vaillanti). Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 2: 476-516.
  74. Lima, A., Pinho, C., Larbes, S., Carretero, M.A., Brito, J.C., Harris, D.J. (2009): Relationships of Podarcis wall lizards from Algeria based on mtDNA data. Amphibia-Reptilia 30: 483-492.
  75. Loveridge, A. (1947): Revision of the African lizards of the family Gekkondiae. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 98: 1-469.
  76. Loveridge, A., Williams, E.E. (1957): Revision of the African tortoises and turtles of the suborder Cryptodira. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 115: 163-557.
  77. Martínez-Freiría, F., Crochet, P-A., Fahd, S., Geniez, P., Brito, J.C., Velo-Antón, G. (2017): Integrative phylogeographical and ecological analysis reveals multiple Pleistocene refugia for Mediterranean Daboia vipers in north-west Africa. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 122: 366-384.
  78. Martínez-Freiría, F., Freitas, I., Velo-Antón, G., Lucchini, N., Fahd, S., Larbes, S., Pleguezuelos, J.M., Santos, X., Brito, J.C. (2021): Integrative taxonomy reveals two species and intraspecific differentiation in the Vipera latastei–monticola complex. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 59: 2278-2306.
  79. McDiarmid, R.W., Foster, M.S., Guyer, C., Gibbons, J.W., Chernoff, N. (2012): Reptile Biodiversity: Standard Methods for Inventory and Monitoring. Los Angeles, University of California Press.
  80. Mebarki, A. (2007): The hydrological basins of eastern Algeria: water resources, planning and environment. Houille Blanche 93: 112-115.
  81. Mendes, J., Harris, D.J., Carranza, S., Salvi, D. (2017): Biogeographical crossroad across the Pillars of Hercules: Evolutionary history of Psammodromus lizards in space and time. J. Biogeogr. 44: 2877-2890.
  82. Metallinou, M., Arnold, E.N., Crochet, P-A., Geniez, P., Brito, J.C., Lymberakis, P., Baha El Din, S., Sindaco, R., Robinson, M., Carranza, S. (2012): Conquering the Sahara and Arabian deserts: systematics and biogeography of Stenodactylus geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). BMC Evol. Biol. 12: 258.
  83. Metallinou, M., Červenka, J., Crochet, P-A., Kratochvíl, L., Wilms, T., Geniez, P., Shobrak, M.Y., Brito, J.C., Carranza, S. (2015): Species on the rocks: Systematics and biogeography of the rock-dwelling Ptyodactylus geckos (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) in North Africa and Arabia. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 85: 208-220.
  84. Miralles, A., Geniez, P., Beddek, M., Aranda, D.M., Brito, J.C., Leblois, R., Crochet, P-A. (2020): Morphology and multilocus phylogeny of the Spiny-footed Lizard (Acanthodactylus erythrurus) complex reveal two new mountain species from the Moroccan Atlas. Zootaxa 4747: 302-326.
  85. Mouane, A., Bourougaa, D., Hamdi, M., Boudjerada, K., Harrouchi, A., Ghennoum, I., Sekour, M., Chenchouni, H. (2021): The Rough Bent-toed Gecko Cyrtopodion scabrum (Heyden, 1827) (Squamata: Gekkonidae): First records in Algeria and NW Africa with morphometric and meristic description of population. Afr. J. Ecol. 59: 312-319.
  86. Mouane, A., Harrouchi, A., Ghennoum, I., Sekour, M., Chenchouni, H. (2024): Amphibian and reptile diversity in natural landscapes and human-modified habitats of the Sahara Desert of Algeria: A better understanding of biodiversity to improve conservation. Elem. Sci. Anth. 12: 00106.
  87. Nijman, V., Bergin, D. (2017): Trade in spur-thighed tortoises Testudo graeca in Morocco: volumes, value and variation between markets. Amphibia-Reptilia 38: 275-287.
  88. Nouira, M.S., Joger, U. (2006): Acanthodactylus blanci. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006: e.T61455A12488766. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61455A12488766.en
  89. Nouira, S., Blanc, C.P., Crochet, P-A., Frétey, T., Geniez, P., Ineich, I., De Massary, J.C., Ohler, A., Tlili, W., Lescure, J. (2022): Nouvelle liste taxinomique de l'herpétofaune de Tunisie. Bull. Soc. Herpétol. Fr. 180: 5-26.
  90. Olivier, E. (1894): Herpétologie algérienne ou catalogue raisonné des reptiles et des batraciens observés jusqu’à ce jour en Algérie. Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr. 7: 98-131.
  91. Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Underwood, E.C., et al. (2001): Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. BioScience 51: 933-938.
  92. Perera, A., Harris, D.J. (2010): Genetic variability within the Oudri’s fan-footed gecko Ptyodactylus oudrii in North Africa assessed using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 54: 634-639.
  93. Pizzigalli, C., Crochet, P-A., Geniez, P., Martínez-Freiría, F., Velo-Antón, G., Brito, J.C. (2021): Phylogeographic diversification of the Mesalina olivieri species complex (Squamata: Lacertidae) with the description of a new species and a new subspecies endemic from North West Africa. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 59: 2321-2349.
  94. Rato, C., Brito, J.C., Carretero, M.A., Larbes, S., Shacham, B., Harris, D.J. (2007): Phylogeography and genetic diversity of Psammophis schokari (Serpentes) in North Africa based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Afr. Zool. 42: 112-117.
  95. Rato, C., Carranza, S., Harris, D.J. (2012): Evolutionary history of the genus Tarentola (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) from the Mediterranean Basin, estimated using multilocus sequence data. BMC Evol. Biol. 12: 14.
  96. Ribeiro-Júnior, M.A., Koch, C., Flecks, M., Calvo, M., Meiri, S. (2022): Dwarves in a big world: Two new species of Tropiocolotes (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Sahara Desert, with the first detailed skull description of the genus. J. Herpetol. 56: 396-421.
  97. Roshnath, R., Divakar, N. (2019): Solving species quandary: why awareness programs are pivotal in snake conservation. Herpetol. J. 29: 214-218.
  98. Rouag, R., Benyacoub, S. (2006): Inventaire et écologie des reptiles du Parc national d’El Kala (Algérie). Bull. Soc. Herpétol. Fr. 117: 25-40.
  99. Rouag, R., Dahel, R., Rahmouni, S., Benkacimi, S., Ziane, N. (2016): First records of the Rainbow Mabuya Trachylepis quinquetaeniata (Lichtenstein, 1823) (Squamata: Scincidae) in Algeria. Herpetol. Notes 9: 167-169.
  100. Rouag, R., Ziane, N., De Sousa, M. (2024): A tentative list of reptilian fauna of Algeria and their conservation status. Biodivers. Data J. 12: e120471.
  101. Sabaj, M.H. (2020): Codes for natural history collections in ichthyology and herpetology. Copeia 108: 593-669.
  102. Salvador, A. (1982): A revision of the lizards of the genus Acanthodactylus (Sauria: Lacertidae). Bonn. Zool. Monogr. 16: 1-167.
  103. Saoudi, M., Necer, A., Bensaci, M., Bouam, I. (2017): Distribution extension of Agama impalearis (Boettger, 1874) (Reptilia: Agamidae), with a new record from Batna province, north-eastern Algeria. Herpetol. Notes 10: 261-262.
  104. Salvi, D., Perera, A., Sampaio, F.L., Carranza, S., Harris, D.J. (2018): Underground cryptic speciation within the Maghreb: Multilocus phylogeography sheds light on the diversification of the checkerboard worm lizard Trogonophis wiegmanni. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 120: 118-128.
  105. Schleich, H.H., Kästle, W., Kabisch, K. (1996): Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Königstein, Germany, Koeltz Scientific Books.
  106. Sillero, N., Celaya, L., Martín-Alfageme, S. (2005): Using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to make an atlas: a proposal to collect, store, map and analyse chorological data for herpetofauna. Rev. Esp. Herp. 19: 87-101.
  107. Sindaco, R., Jeremčenko, V.K. (2008): The Reptiles of the Western Palearctic. 1. Annotated Checklist and Distributional Atlas of the Turtles, Crocodiles, Amphisbaenians and Lizards of Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia. Latina, Edizioni Belvedere.
  108. Sindaco, R., Simó-Riudalbas, M., Sacchi, R., Carranza, S. (2018): Systematics of the Mesalina guttulata species complex (Squamata: Lacertidae) from Arabia with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 4429: 513-547.
  109. Strauch, A. (1862): Essai d’une Erpétologie de l’Algérie. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 4: 1-85.
  110. Strauch, A. (1882): Bemerkungen über die Eidechsenfamilie der Amphisbaeniden. Bull. Scient. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. 28: 45-132.
  111. Strauch, A. (1887): Bemerkungen über die Geckoniden-Sammlung im Zoologischen Museum der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St. Petersburg. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 35: 1-72.
  112. Tamar, K., Carranza, S., Sindaco, R., Moravec, J., Trape, J-F., Meiri, S. (2016): Out of Africa: Phylogeny and biogeography of the widespread genus Acanthodactylus (Reptilia: Lacertidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 103: 6-18.
  113. Tamar, K., Metallinou, M., Wilms, T., Schmitz, A., Crochet, P-A., Geniez, P., Carranza, S. (2018): Evolutionary history of spiny-tailed lizards (Agamidae: Uromastyx) from the Saharo-Arabian region. Zool. Scr. 47: 159-173.
  114. Titley, M.A., Snaddon, J.L., Turner, E.C. (2017): Scientific research on animal biodiversity is systematically biased towards vertebrates and temperate regions. PLoS ONE 12: e0189577.
  115. Tolley, K.A., Alexander, G.J., Branch, W.R., Bowles, P., Maritz, B. (2016): Conservation status and threats for African reptiles. Biol. Conserv. 204: 63-71.
  116. Trape, J-F. (2023): Guide des serpents d'Afrique occidentale, centrale et d'Afrique du Nord. Marseille, IRD Éditions.
  117. Uetz, P., Freed, P., Aguilar, R., Reyes, F., Kudera, J., Hošek, J. (2024): The Reptile Database. http://www.reptile-database.org
  118. UNESCO (2015): Twenty new sites added to UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/twenty-new-sites-added-unescos-world-network-biosphere-reserves
  119. Verdú-Ricoy, J., Carranza, S., Salvador, A., Busack, S., Díaz, J. (2010): Phylogeography of Psammodromus algirus (Lacertidae) revisited: systematic implications. Amphibia-Reptilia 31: 576-582.
  120. Wade, E. (1988): Intraspecific variation in the colubrid snake genus Macroprotodon. Herpetol. J. 1: 237-245.
  121. Wade, E. (2001): Review of the False Smooth snake genus Macroprotodon (Serpentes, Colubridae) in Algeria with a description of a new species. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. 67: 85-107.
  122. Wagner, P., Melville, J., Wilms, T.M., Schmitz, A. (2011): Opening a box of cryptic taxa - the first review of the North African desert lizards in the Trapelus mutabilis Merrem, 1820 complex (Squamata: Agamidae) with descriptions of new taxa. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 163: 884-912.
  123. Wagner, P., Wilms, T. (2013): Trapelus boehmei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T203803A2771535. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T203803A2771535.en
  124. Wagner, P., Wilms, T., Niagate, B. (2021): Trapelus mutabilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T198525A2529839. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T198525A2529839.en
  125. Waldron, A., Mooers, A.O., Miller, D.C., Nibbelink, N., Redding, D., Kuhn, T.S., Roberts, J.T., Gittleman, J.L. (2013): Targeting global conservation funding to limit immediate biodiversity declines. P. Natl. Acad. Sci-Biol. 110: 12144-12148.
  126. Werner, F. (1892): Ausbeute einer herpetologischen Excursion nach Ost-Algerien. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 42: 350-355.
  127. Werner, F. (1893): Herpetologische Nova (2. Teil). Zool. Anz. 16: 359-363.
  128. Werner, F. (1894): Zweiter Beitrag zur Herpetologie von Ost-Algerien. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 44: 75-87.
  129. Yadollahvandmiandoab, R., Koroiva, R., Bashirichelkasari, N., Mesquita, D.O. (2023): Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of the poorly known genus Spalerosophis (Serpentes: Colubridae). Org. Divers. Evol. 23: 415-423.