The Concept of Circular Economy in Agriculture. A Review of the Literature and a Possible Way Forward

Abstract

The European Union prioritises the circular economy for sustainability, optimising resource use, and minimising waste. Agriculture, with its high resource demands, could thrive with circularity. However, the absence of a clear definition limits benefits and impedes cumulative knowledge. This study systemically identifies a consensus concept of circular agriculture and its relationship with sustainability and circular bioeconomy. We conducted a literature review and coding analysis of 23 academic and grey literature documents. Results highlight that circular agriculture closes production loops, reduces, manages, and repurposes waste. The most employed principle is the “Rs framework” - reducing, reusing, recycling – yet “reducing” is understated due to economic concerns. Our findings emphasise the need for better measurement tools to capture non-market benefits, particularly nature regeneration. Circular agriculture aims to improve the environment, reduce emissions, protect health and food security, and provide economic benefits. Clarifying this concept strengthens policy frameworks, implementation and monitoring strategies.