Published 2026-07-29
Keywords
- Systemic vulnerability,
- Urban resilience,
- Socio-ecological-technological systems,
- Multi-criteria evaluation framework,
- Multidimensional indicators
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2026 Cristina Visconti, Martina Bosone

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Traditional vulnerability assessments often address single hazards, overlooking the systemic interdependencies that characterise cities as socio-ecological-technological systems (SETS). This study advances the concept of systemic vulnerability by proposing a multidimensional framework integrating physical, social, economic, and ecological dimensions. The research applies a structured literature review to identify key criteria and indicators influencing systemic vulnerability. Building on these findings, we outline the development of a Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI), focusing on urban heat stress as a case application. Results reveal three core dimensions that capture the complexity of systemic vulnerability and underscore the need for integrated approaches to support adaptive planning and GIS-based spatial assessments, addressing critical gaps in urban resilience.
Downloads
References
- Adger, W.N. (2006), “Vulnerability”, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 268-281. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006
- Birkmann, J. (2006), “Indicators and criteria for measuring vulnerability: theoretical bases and requirements”, in Birkmann, J. (Ed.), Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Towards Disaster Resilient Societies, United Nations University Press, Tokyo, pp. 55-77.
- Birkmann, J., Cardona, O.D., Carreño, M.L., Barbat, A.H., Pelling, M., Schneiderbauer, S., Welle, T. and others (2013), “Framing vulnerability, risk and societal responses: the MOVE framework”, Natural Hazards, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 193-211.
- Birkmann, J., Cutter, S.L., Rothman, D.S., Welle, T., Garschagen, M., Van Ruijven, B., O’Neill, B. and Pulwarty, R. (2015), “Scenarios for vulnerability: opportunities and constraints in the context of climate change and disaster risk”, Climatic Change, Vol. 133, pp. 53-68.
- Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I. and Wisner, B. (2014), At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters, Routledge, London.
- Cutter, S.L. (2016), “Resilience to what? Resilience for whom?”, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 182, No. 2, pp. 110-113.
- Cutter, S.L. (2021), “The changing nature of hazard and disaster risk in the Anthropocene”, Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Vol. 111, No. 3, pp. 819-827.
- D’Ambrosio, V. and Di Martino, F. (2016), “The METROPOLIS research: experimental models and decision-making processes for the adaptive environmental design in climate change”, UPLanD – Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & Environmental Design, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 187-217. Available at: https://doi.org/10.6092/2531-9906/5038
- Füssel, H.M. (2010), “How inequitable is the global distribution of responsibility, capability, and vulnerability to climate change: a comprehensive indicator-based assessment”, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 597-611.
- Galderisi, A. and Limongi, G. (2021), “A comprehensive assessment of exposure and vulnerabilities in multi-hazard urban environments: a key tool for risk-informed planning strategies”, Sustainability, Vol. 13, No. 16, 9055.
- Gencer, E., Folorunsho, R., Linkin, M., Wang, X., Natenzon, C.E., Wajih, S., Mani, N., Esquivel, M., Ali Ibrahim, S., Tsuneki, H., Castro, R., Leone, M., Panjwani, D., Romero-Lankao, P. and Solecki, W. (2018), “Disasters and risk in cities”, in Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W., Romero-Lankao, P., Mehrotra, S., Dhakal, S. and Ali Ibrahim, S. (Eds), Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 61-98.
- Gill, J.C. and Malamud, B.D. (2014), “Reviewing and visualizing the interactions of natural hazards”, Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 680-722. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/2013RG000445
- Gunaratne, M.S., Firdaus, R.R. and Sosai, A. (2023), “The importance of multidimensional vulnerability analysis in sustainable development”, Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, Vol. 18, No. 9, pp. 38-57.
- Limongi, G. and Galderisi, A. (2021), “Twenty years of European and international research on vulnerability: a multi-faceted concept for better dealing with evolving risk landscapes”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 63, 102451.
- Mohammadi, S., De Angeli, S., Boni, G., Pirlone, F. and Cattari, S. (2024), “Current approaches and critical issues in multi-risk recovery planning of urban areas exposed to natural hazards”, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 79-107.
- Revi, A., Satterthwaite, D., Aragón-Durand, F., Corfee-Morlot, J., Kiunsi, R.B., Pelling, M. and Sverdlik, A. (2014), “Towards transformative adaptation in cities: the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment”, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 11-28.
- Romero-Lankao, P. and Dodman, D. (2011), “Cities in transition: transforming urban centers from hotbeds of GHG emissions and vulnerability to seedbeds of sustainability and resilience”, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 113-120.
- Romero-Lankao, P., Hughes, S., Qin, H., Hardoy, J., Rosas-Huerta, A., Borquez, R. and Lampis, A. (2014), “Scale, urban risk and adaptation capacity in neighborhoods of Latin American cities”, Habitat International, Vol. 42, pp. 224-235.
- Schneiderbauer, S., Ehrlich, D. and Birkmann, J. (2006), “Social levels and hazard (in) dependence in determining vulnerability”, in Birkmann, J. (Ed.), Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Towards Disaster Resilient Societies, United Nations University Press, Tokyo, pp. 78-102.
- Sharifi, A. (2023), “The resilience of urban social-ecological-technological systems (SETS): a review”, Sustainable Cities and Society, article 104910.
- Tricco, A.C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K.K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M.D.J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S. and others (2018), “PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation”, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 169, No. 7, pp. 467-473. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
