Articles
Published 2021-12-01
Keywords
- risks in ICT use,
- parental strategies,
- parental mediation,
- youth,
- maladjustment
Abstract
Given the new risks and opportunities generated by the use of the Internet since childhood, it seems necessary to deepen the parental mediation strategies with which parents can protect their children from exposure to online risks, perpetration of inappropriate behaviours online and psychosocial risks associated with a dysfunctional use of the web. This scoping review aims to analyse the literature of the last ten years on the strategies and attitudes of parents towards online risks. Twenty-nine scientific documents about parental mediation outcomes on children’s use of digital tools have been examined. Literature has been investigated in the PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus databases. Only studies with a paediatric population published in the last ten years (from 2009) have been selected. The results suggest that empathy and interest are protective factors towards the exposure and perpetration of online risks of children, without limiting the opportunities offered by the Web.
References
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Álvarez-García, D., García, T., & Suárez-García, Z. (2018). The Relationship between parental control and high-risk internet behaviours in adolescence. Social Sciences, 7(6), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7060087
Anderson, P. (2012). Web 2.0 and beyond: Principles and technologies. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v0i0.4227
Athanasiades, C., Baldry, A. C., Kamariotis, T., Kostouli, M., & Psalti, A. (2016). The “net” of the internet: Risk factors for cyberbullying among secondary-school students in Greece. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(2), 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9303-4
Baldry, A. C., Sorrentino, A., & Farrington, D. P. (2019). Post-traumatic stress symptoms among Italian preadolescents involved in school and cyber bullying and victimization. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(9), 2358-2364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1122-4
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-hall. http://www.asecib.ase.ro/mps/Bandura_SocialLearningTheory.pdf
Barlett, C. P., & Fennel, M. (2018). Examining the relation between parental ignorance and youths’ cyberbullying perpetration. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(4), 547. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000139
Barrense-Dias, Y., Berchtold, A., Surís, J. C., & Akre, C. (2017). Sexting and the definition issue. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(5), 544-554. https://doi.org10.1016j.jadohealth.2017.05.009
Bartau-Rojas, I., Aierbe-Barandiaran, A., & Oregui-González, E. (2018). Mediación parental del uso de Internet en el alumnado de Primaria: creencias, estrategias y dificultades. Comunicar, 26(54), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.3916/C54-2018-07
Bass III, P. F. (2016). Living life online: Talking to parents about social media. Contemporary pediatrics, 33(5), 21-25. https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/node/10885%3Fpage%3D0%252C3
Bleakley, A., Ellithorpe, M., & Romer, D. (2016). The role of parents in problematic internet use among US adolescents. Media and Communication, 4(3), 24-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i3.523
Bosman, J., Bayraktar, F., & D'Haenens, L. (2015). Children's digital media practices within the European family home: Does perceived discrimination matter?. Journal of Children and Media, 9(1), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2015.997099
Byrne, S., & Lee, T. (2011). Toward predicting youth resistance to internet risk prevention strategies. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55(1), 90-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.546255
Byrne, S., Katz, S. J., Lee, T., Linz, D., & McIlrath, M. (2014). Peers, predators, and porn: Predicting parental underestimation of children's risky online experiences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(2), 215-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12040
Chakroff, J. L., & Nathanson, A. I. (2008). Parent and school interventions: Mediation and media literacy. The handbook of children, media, and development, 552-576. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444302752.ch24
Del Río, M. C., Larrañaga, M. G., & Garnacho, C. G. (2019). Internet and Spanish children with learning and behavioural problems and other disabilities. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 74, 653-667. http://www.revistalatinacs.org/074paper/1350/33en.html
Elsaesser, C., Russell, B., Ohannessian, C. M., & Patton, D. (2017). Parenting in a digital age: A review of parents' role in preventing adolescent cyberbullying. Aggression and violent behavior, 35, 62-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.004
Fardouly, J., Magson, N. R., Johnco, C. J., Oar, E. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2018). Parental control of the time preadolescents spend on social media: Links with preadolescents’ social media appearance comparisons and mental health. Journal of youth and adolescence, 47(7), 1456-1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0870-1
Fridh, M., Lindström, M., & Rosvall, M. (2015). Subjective health complaints in adolescent victims of cyber harassment: moderation through support from parents/friends-a Swedish population-based study. BMC public health, 15(1), 949. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2239-7
García, B. C., de Ayala López, M. L., & Jiménez, A. G. (2014). Los riesgos de los adolescentes en Internet: los menores como actores y víctimas de los peligros de Internet. Revista latina de comunicación social, 69, 462-485. http://www.revistalatinacs.org/069/paper/1020_UR/23es.html
Gentile, D. A., Nathanson, A. I., Rasmussen, E. E., Reimer, R. A., & Walsh, D. A. (2012). Do you see what I see? Parent and child reports of parental monitoring of media. Family Relations, 61(3), 470-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00709.x
Glatz, T., Crowe, E., & Buchanan, C. M. (2018). Internet-specific parental self-efficacy: developmental differences and links to Internet-specific mediation. Computers in human behavior, 84, 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.014
Goggin, G., & Hjorth, L. (Eds.). (2014). The Routledge companion to mobile media. Routledge. http://jasonfarman.com/JasonFarman_Storytelling-with-Mobile-Media.pdf
Gómez, P., Harris, S. K., Barreiro, C., Isorna, M., & Rial, A. (2017). Profiles of Internet use and parental involvement, and rates of online risks and problematic Internet use among Spanish adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 826-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.027
Gutiérrez, R., Vega, L., & Rendón, A. E. (2013). Usos de la Internet y teléfono celular asociados a situaciones de riesgo de explotación sexual de adolescentes. Salud mental, 36(1), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2013.006
Gür, K., Yurt, S., Bulduk, S., & Atagöz, S. (2015). Internet addiction and physical and psychosocial behavior problems among rural secondary school students. Nursing & health sciences, 17(3), 331-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12192
Heiman, T., & Olenik-Shemesh, D. (2015). Cyberbullying experience and gender differences among adolescents in different educational settings. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48(2), 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219413492855
Horner, S., Asher, Y., & Fireman, G. D. (2015). The impact and response to electronic bullying and traditional bullying among adolescents. Computers in human behavior, 49, 288-295.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.007
Kalmus, V., Blinka, L., & Olafsson, K. (2015). Does it matter what mama says: Evaluating the role of parental mediation in European adolescents’ excessive Internet use. Children & Society, 29(2), 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12020
Kirwil, L. (2009). Parental mediation of children's internet use in different European countries. Journal of Children and Media, 3(4), 394-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482790903233440
Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., & McCord, A. (2019). A developmental approach to cyberbullying:
Prevalence and protective factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.009
Livingstone, S. (2019). EU kids online. The international encyclopedia of media literacy, 1-17.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0065.
Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2008). Risky experiences for children online: Charting European research on children and the internet. Children & society, 22(4), 314-323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2008.00157.x
Machimbarrena, J., Calvete, E., Fernández-González, L., Álvarez-Bardón, A., Álvarez-Fernández, L., & González-Cabrera, J. (2018). Internet risks: An overview of victimization in cyberbullying, cyber dating abuse, sexting, online grooming and problematic internet use. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(11), 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112471
Normand, C. L., & Sallafranque‐St‐Louis, F. (2016). Cybervictimization of young people with an intellectual or developmental disability: Risks specific to sexual solicitation. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 29(2), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12163
Özdemir, Y. (2014). Cyber victimization and adolescent self‐esteem: The role of communication with parents. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 17(4), 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12070
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., Fraser, A. M., Dyer, W. J., & Yorgason, J. B. (2012). Parents and adolescents growing up in the digital age: Latent growth curve analysis of proactive media monitoring. Journal of adolescence, 35(5), 1153-1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.005
Rice, E., Gibbs, J., Winetrobe, H., Rhoades, H., Plant, A., Montoya, J., & Kordic, T. (2014). Sexting and sexual behavior among middle school students. Pediatrics, 134(1), e21-e28. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2991
Rodríguez-de-Dios, I., van Oosten, J. M., & Igartua, J. J. (2018). A study of the relationship between parental mediation and adolescents’ digital skills, online risks and online opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 186-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.012
Schneider, L. A., King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2017). Family factors in adolescent problematic Internet gaming: a systematic review. Journal of behavioral addictions, 6(3), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.035
Spada, M. M. (2014). An overview of problematic Internet use. Addictive behaviors, 39(1), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.007
Symons, K., Ponnet, K., Emmery, K., Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2017). Parental knowledge of adolescents’ online content and contact risks. Journal of youth and adolescence, 46(2), 401-416. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8514197
Temple, J. R., Paul, J. A., Van Den Berg, P., Le, V. D., McElhany, A., & Temple, B. W. (2012). Teen sexting and its association with sexual behaviors. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 166(9), 828-833. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.835
Third, A., Bellerose, D., Dawkins, U., Keltie, E., & Pihl, K. (2014). Children's rights in the digital age: A download from children around the world. http://www.uws.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/753447/Childrens-rights-in-the-digital-age.pdf
Valkenburg, P. M., Krcmar, M., Peeters, A. L., & Marseille, N. M. (1999). Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation:“Instructive mediation,”“restrictive mediation,” and “social coviewing”. Journal of broadcasting & electronic media, 43(1), 52-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159909364474
Van Den Eijnden, R. J., Spijkerman, R., Vermulst, A. A., van Rooij, T. J., & Engels, R. C. (2010). (2010). Compulsive internet use among adolescents: bidirectional parent-child relationships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9347-8
Vanderhoven, E., Schellens, T., Vanderlinde, R., & Valcke, M. (2016). Developing educational materials about risks on social network sites: a design based research approach. Educational technology research and development, 64(3), 459-480. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-6985885
Vossen, H. G., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2016). Do social media foster or curtail adolescents’ empathy? A longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 118-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.040
Wisniewski, P., Jia, H., Wang, N., Zheng, S., Xu, H., Rosson, M. B., & Carroll, J. M. (2015). Resilience mitigates the negative effects of adolescent internet addiction and online risk exposure. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seoul, Korea. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702240
Wright, M. F. (2017). Parental mediation, cyberbullying, and cybertrolling: The role of gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.059
Álvarez-García, D., García, T., & Suárez-García, Z. (2018). The Relationship between parental control and high-risk internet behaviours in adolescence. Social Sciences, 7(6), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7060087
Anderson, P. (2012). Web 2.0 and beyond: Principles and technologies. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v0i0.4227
Athanasiades, C., Baldry, A. C., Kamariotis, T., Kostouli, M., & Psalti, A. (2016). The “net” of the internet: Risk factors for cyberbullying among secondary-school students in Greece. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(2), 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9303-4
Baldry, A. C., Sorrentino, A., & Farrington, D. P. (2019). Post-traumatic stress symptoms among Italian preadolescents involved in school and cyber bullying and victimization. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(9), 2358-2364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1122-4
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-hall. http://www.asecib.ase.ro/mps/Bandura_SocialLearningTheory.pdf
Barlett, C. P., & Fennel, M. (2018). Examining the relation between parental ignorance and youths’ cyberbullying perpetration. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(4), 547. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000139
Barrense-Dias, Y., Berchtold, A., Surís, J. C., & Akre, C. (2017). Sexting and the definition issue. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(5), 544-554. https://doi.org10.1016j.jadohealth.2017.05.009
Bartau-Rojas, I., Aierbe-Barandiaran, A., & Oregui-González, E. (2018). Mediación parental del uso de Internet en el alumnado de Primaria: creencias, estrategias y dificultades. Comunicar, 26(54), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.3916/C54-2018-07
Bass III, P. F. (2016). Living life online: Talking to parents about social media. Contemporary pediatrics, 33(5), 21-25. https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/node/10885%3Fpage%3D0%252C3
Bleakley, A., Ellithorpe, M., & Romer, D. (2016). The role of parents in problematic internet use among US adolescents. Media and Communication, 4(3), 24-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i3.523
Bosman, J., Bayraktar, F., & D'Haenens, L. (2015). Children's digital media practices within the European family home: Does perceived discrimination matter?. Journal of Children and Media, 9(1), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2015.997099
Byrne, S., & Lee, T. (2011). Toward predicting youth resistance to internet risk prevention strategies. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55(1), 90-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.546255
Byrne, S., Katz, S. J., Lee, T., Linz, D., & McIlrath, M. (2014). Peers, predators, and porn: Predicting parental underestimation of children's risky online experiences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(2), 215-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12040
Chakroff, J. L., & Nathanson, A. I. (2008). Parent and school interventions: Mediation and media literacy. The handbook of children, media, and development, 552-576. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444302752.ch24
Del Río, M. C., Larrañaga, M. G., & Garnacho, C. G. (2019). Internet and Spanish children with learning and behavioural problems and other disabilities. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 74, 653-667. http://www.revistalatinacs.org/074paper/1350/33en.html
Elsaesser, C., Russell, B., Ohannessian, C. M., & Patton, D. (2017). Parenting in a digital age: A review of parents' role in preventing adolescent cyberbullying. Aggression and violent behavior, 35, 62-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.004
Fardouly, J., Magson, N. R., Johnco, C. J., Oar, E. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2018). Parental control of the time preadolescents spend on social media: Links with preadolescents’ social media appearance comparisons and mental health. Journal of youth and adolescence, 47(7), 1456-1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0870-1
Fridh, M., Lindström, M., & Rosvall, M. (2015). Subjective health complaints in adolescent victims of cyber harassment: moderation through support from parents/friends-a Swedish population-based study. BMC public health, 15(1), 949. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2239-7
García, B. C., de Ayala López, M. L., & Jiménez, A. G. (2014). Los riesgos de los adolescentes en Internet: los menores como actores y víctimas de los peligros de Internet. Revista latina de comunicación social, 69, 462-485. http://www.revistalatinacs.org/069/paper/1020_UR/23es.html
Gentile, D. A., Nathanson, A. I., Rasmussen, E. E., Reimer, R. A., & Walsh, D. A. (2012). Do you see what I see? Parent and child reports of parental monitoring of media. Family Relations, 61(3), 470-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00709.x
Glatz, T., Crowe, E., & Buchanan, C. M. (2018). Internet-specific parental self-efficacy: developmental differences and links to Internet-specific mediation. Computers in human behavior, 84, 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.014
Goggin, G., & Hjorth, L. (Eds.). (2014). The Routledge companion to mobile media. Routledge. http://jasonfarman.com/JasonFarman_Storytelling-with-Mobile-Media.pdf
Gómez, P., Harris, S. K., Barreiro, C., Isorna, M., & Rial, A. (2017). Profiles of Internet use and parental involvement, and rates of online risks and problematic Internet use among Spanish adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 826-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.027
Gutiérrez, R., Vega, L., & Rendón, A. E. (2013). Usos de la Internet y teléfono celular asociados a situaciones de riesgo de explotación sexual de adolescentes. Salud mental, 36(1), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2013.006
Gür, K., Yurt, S., Bulduk, S., & Atagöz, S. (2015). Internet addiction and physical and psychosocial behavior problems among rural secondary school students. Nursing & health sciences, 17(3), 331-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12192
Heiman, T., & Olenik-Shemesh, D. (2015). Cyberbullying experience and gender differences among adolescents in different educational settings. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48(2), 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219413492855
Horner, S., Asher, Y., & Fireman, G. D. (2015). The impact and response to electronic bullying and traditional bullying among adolescents. Computers in human behavior, 49, 288-295.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.007
Kalmus, V., Blinka, L., & Olafsson, K. (2015). Does it matter what mama says: Evaluating the role of parental mediation in European adolescents’ excessive Internet use. Children & Society, 29(2), 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12020
Kirwil, L. (2009). Parental mediation of children's internet use in different European countries. Journal of Children and Media, 3(4), 394-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482790903233440
Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., & McCord, A. (2019). A developmental approach to cyberbullying:
Prevalence and protective factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.009
Livingstone, S. (2019). EU kids online. The international encyclopedia of media literacy, 1-17.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0065.
Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2008). Risky experiences for children online: Charting European research on children and the internet. Children & society, 22(4), 314-323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2008.00157.x
Machimbarrena, J., Calvete, E., Fernández-González, L., Álvarez-Bardón, A., Álvarez-Fernández, L., & González-Cabrera, J. (2018). Internet risks: An overview of victimization in cyberbullying, cyber dating abuse, sexting, online grooming and problematic internet use. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(11), 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112471
Normand, C. L., & Sallafranque‐St‐Louis, F. (2016). Cybervictimization of young people with an intellectual or developmental disability: Risks specific to sexual solicitation. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 29(2), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12163
Özdemir, Y. (2014). Cyber victimization and adolescent self‐esteem: The role of communication with parents. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 17(4), 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12070
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., Fraser, A. M., Dyer, W. J., & Yorgason, J. B. (2012). Parents and adolescents growing up in the digital age: Latent growth curve analysis of proactive media monitoring. Journal of adolescence, 35(5), 1153-1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.005
Rice, E., Gibbs, J., Winetrobe, H., Rhoades, H., Plant, A., Montoya, J., & Kordic, T. (2014). Sexting and sexual behavior among middle school students. Pediatrics, 134(1), e21-e28. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2991
Rodríguez-de-Dios, I., van Oosten, J. M., & Igartua, J. J. (2018). A study of the relationship between parental mediation and adolescents’ digital skills, online risks and online opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 186-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.012
Schneider, L. A., King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2017). Family factors in adolescent problematic Internet gaming: a systematic review. Journal of behavioral addictions, 6(3), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.035
Spada, M. M. (2014). An overview of problematic Internet use. Addictive behaviors, 39(1), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.007
Symons, K., Ponnet, K., Emmery, K., Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2017). Parental knowledge of adolescents’ online content and contact risks. Journal of youth and adolescence, 46(2), 401-416. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8514197
Temple, J. R., Paul, J. A., Van Den Berg, P., Le, V. D., McElhany, A., & Temple, B. W. (2012). Teen sexting and its association with sexual behaviors. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 166(9), 828-833. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.835
Third, A., Bellerose, D., Dawkins, U., Keltie, E., & Pihl, K. (2014). Children's rights in the digital age: A download from children around the world. http://www.uws.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/753447/Childrens-rights-in-the-digital-age.pdf
Valkenburg, P. M., Krcmar, M., Peeters, A. L., & Marseille, N. M. (1999). Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation:“Instructive mediation,”“restrictive mediation,” and “social coviewing”. Journal of broadcasting & electronic media, 43(1), 52-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159909364474
Van Den Eijnden, R. J., Spijkerman, R., Vermulst, A. A., van Rooij, T. J., & Engels, R. C. (2010). (2010). Compulsive internet use among adolescents: bidirectional parent-child relationships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9347-8
Vanderhoven, E., Schellens, T., Vanderlinde, R., & Valcke, M. (2016). Developing educational materials about risks on social network sites: a design based research approach. Educational technology research and development, 64(3), 459-480. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-6985885
Vossen, H. G., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2016). Do social media foster or curtail adolescents’ empathy? A longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 118-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.040
Wisniewski, P., Jia, H., Wang, N., Zheng, S., Xu, H., Rosson, M. B., & Carroll, J. M. (2015). Resilience mitigates the negative effects of adolescent internet addiction and online risk exposure. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seoul, Korea. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702240
Wright, M. F. (2017). Parental mediation, cyberbullying, and cybertrolling: The role of gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.059