Articles
The conditioning of social networking sites in the formation of migratory chains of unaccompanied foreign minors
Published 2022-11-08
Keywords
- communities,
- migratory chains,
- social networking sites,
- unaccompanied foreign minors
Abstract
The relational uprooting faced by young unaccompanied minors, when they undertake a migratory process, it places them in a situation of extreme vulnerability. Timeshare in the Center for Minors offered relationships between themselves, which are later maintained and reflected on social networking sites. The content that can be shared on social networking sites could condition the subsequent migratory itinerary travel and the migratory chains that are formed. In this study, the profiles on social networking sites of 51 unaccompanied minors were analyzed one year after having passed through a Center for Minors located in Malaga (Spain). Through social networks analysis, netnography and certain algorithms for community detection, cohesion and emotion analysis, the connectedness and interaction patterns shown by these young people on social networking sites (Facebook) will be analyzed, identifying leaderships and detecting communities that influence the formation of migratory chains. The results show how the patterns of connectedness, interaction and leadership reflect migratory chains.
References
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Girvan, M., & Newman, M. E. (2002). Community structure in social and biological networks. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 99(12), 7821-7826. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.122653799
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American journal of sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380. https://doi.org/10.1086/225469
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American journal of sociology, 91(3), 481-510. https://doi.org/10.1086/228311
Hine, C. (2005). Internet research and the sociology of cyber-social-scientific knowledge. The information society, 21(4), 239-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240591007553
Hite, J. M. (2003). Patterns of multidimensionality among embedded network ties: a typology of relational embeddedness in emerging entrepreneurial firms. Strategic organization, 1(1), 9-49. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F147612700311002
Kindler, M. (2021). Networking in contexts: qualitative social network analysis' insights into migration processes. Global Networks, 21(3), 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12310
Kozinets, R. V. (2015). Netnography: redefined. Sage.
León, A. M. (2005). Teorías y conceptos asociados al estudio de las migraciones internacionales. Trabajo Social, (7), 59-76. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/tsocial/article/view/8476
Levitt, P. (2002). Transnational migration: taking stock and future directions. Global networks, 1(3), 195-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0374.00013
Lin, N. (2002). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action (Vol. 19). Cambridge university press.
Lubbers, M. J. (2021). In Good Company? Personal Relationships, Network Embeddedness, and Social Inclusion. Social Inclusion, 9(4), 203-210. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i4.5049
Lubbers, M. J., Molina, J. L., & McCarty, C. (2020). How do migrants’ processes of social embedding unfold over time?. Global Networks, 21(3), 529-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12297
Maya Jariego, I. (2004). La formación de comunidades de inmigrantes: desplazamiento en cadena y contexto de recepción. Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades, 6 (12), 83-91. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/282/28251204.pdf
Massot, Lafón, M., & Julián, B. P. (2013). Juventud, inmigración e inclusión en Cataluña. Revista de Educação, Ciência e Cultura, 18, (2). http://hdl.handle.net/2445/116143
Reamer, F. G. (2015). Clinical social work in a digital environment: Ethical and risk-management challenges. Clinical Social Work Journal, 43(2), 120-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-014-0495-0
Ryan, L., Sales, R., Tilki, M., & Siara, B. (2008). Social networks, social support and social capital: The experiences of recent Polish migrants in London. Sociology, 42(4), 672-690.https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038038508091622
Schiller, N. G., Basch, L. G., & Blanc-Szanton, C. (1992). Towards a transnational perspective on migration. New York Academy of Sciences.
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Valles, M. S. (2000). Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social (pp. 178-179). Madrid: Sintesis Editorial
van Liempt, I., & Nijenhuis, G. (2020). Socio-Economic Participation of Somali Refugees in the Netherlands, Transnational Networks and Boundary Spanning. Social inclusion, 8(1), 264-274. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i1.2434
Vázquez Márquez, I. (2013). Identidad, comunidad y diáspora en los cibermundos: una etnografía multi-situada. Ene, 12, 28. https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/23411/
Vertovec, S. (2009). Transnationalism. Routledge.
Wellman, B., & Frank, K. (2001). Network capital in a multi-level world: Getting support from personal communities. Social capital: Theory and research, 233, e273.
Wessendorf, S., & Farrer, J. (2021). Commonplace and out-of-place diversities in London and Tokyo: migrant-run eateries as intercultural third places. Comparative Migration Studies, 9(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-021-00235-3
Whyte, W. F. (1943). Social organization in the slums. American Sociological Review, 8(1), 34-39. https://doi.org/2085446
Wilson, R. E., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, L. T. (2012). A review of Facebook research in the social sciences. Perspectives on psychological science, 7 (3), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612442904
Williams, D. (2006). On and off the’Net: Scales for social capital in an online era. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 11(2), 593-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00029.x
Wimmer, A., & Glick Schiller, N. (2002). Methodological nationalism and beyond: nation–state building, migration and the social sciences. Global networks, 2(4), 301-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0374.00043
Wissink, M., & Mazzucato, V. (2018). In transit: Changing social networks of sub-Saharan African migrants in Turkey and Greece. Social Networks, 53, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.03.005
Basch, L., Schiller, N. G., & Blanc, C. S. (2020). Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments, and deterritorialized nation-states. Routledge.
Bastian, M., Heymann, S., & Jacomy, M. (2009). Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. In Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media (Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 361-362).
Bhugra, D. (2004). Migration and mental health. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica, 109(4), 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0001-690X.2003.00246.x
Bilecen, B., Gamper, M., & Lubbers, M. J. (2018). The missing link: Social network analysis in migration and transnationalism. Social Networks, 53, 1-3.
Bilecen, B., & Lubbers, M. J. (2021). The networked character of migration and transnationalism. Global Networks.
Bourdieu, P. (2011). The forms of capital. (1986). Cultural theory: An anthology, 1, 81-93
Boyd, M. (1989). Family and personal networks in international migration: recent developments and new agendas. International migration review, 23(3), 638-670.
Brandes, U. (2001). A faster algorithm for betweenness centrality. Journal of mathematical sociology, 25(2), 163-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2001.9990249
Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2009). Digital diasporas: Identity and transnational engagement. Cambridge University Press
Burt, Ronald S. (2005). Brokerage and Closure. An Introduction to Social Capital. Nueva York: Oxford University Press. Disponible en: doi: 10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
Cachia, R., & Jariego, I. M. (2018). Mobility types, transnational ties and personal networks in four highly skilled immigrant communities in Seville (Spain). Social Networks, 53, 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.03.014
Castillo de Mesa, J., Gómez-Jacinto, L., López Peláez, A., & Erro-Garcés, A. (2020). Social networking sites and youth transition: The use of Facebook and personal well-being of social work young graduates. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 230. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00230
Castillo-de-Mesa, J., Méndez-Domínguez, P., Carbonero-Muñoz, D., & Gómez-Jacinto, L. (2021). Homofilia, polarización afectiva y desinformación en Twitter. Caso de estudio sobre la crisis migratoria #Openarms. Redes. Revista hispana para el análisis de redes sociales, 32(2), 153-172. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/redes.913
Collazos, F., Qureshi, A., Antonín, M., & Tomás-Sábado, J. (2008). Estrés aculturativo y salud mental en la población inmigrante. Papeles del psicólogo, 29(3), 307-315. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/778/77829307.pdf
Dahinden, J. (2005). Contesting transnationalism? Lessons from the study of Albanian migration networks from former Yugoslavia. Global networks, 5(2), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2005.00114.x
Diamandaki, K. (2003). Virtual ethnicity and digital diasporas: Identity construction in cyberspace. Global media journal, 2(2), 1-14.
Dunbar, R. I., Arnaboldi, V., Conti, M., & Passarella, A. (2015). The structure of online social networks mirrors those in the offline world. Social networks, 43, 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2015.04.005
Edunov, S., Diuk, C., Filiz, I. O., Bhagat, S., & Burke, M. (2016). Three and a half degrees of separation. Research at Facebook, 694.
Elias, N. (2012). La relación entre establecidos y marginados. Simmel, Georg; Schütz, Alfred; Elias, Norbert y Cacciari, Massimo. El extranjero. Sociología del extraño, 57-86.
Ferrer, R., Palacio, J., Hoyos, O., & Madariaga, C. (2014). Proceso de aculturación y adaptación del inmigrante: características individuales y redes sociales. Psicología desde el Caribe, 31(3), 557-576. https://doi.org/10.14482/psdc.31.3.4766
Fuchs, Christian (2020). Communication and Capitalism: A Critical Theory. Londres: University of Westminster
Press.
Gillani, N., Yuan, A., Saveski, M., Vosoughi, S., & Roy, D. (2018). Me, my echo chamber, and I: introspection on social media polarization. In Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference (pp. 823-831). https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186130
Glick Schiller, N., & Çağlar, A. (2016). Displacement, emplacement and migrant newcomers: rethinking urban sociabilities within multiscalar power. Identities, 23(1), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2015.1016520
Girvan, M., & Newman, M. E. (2002). Community structure in social and biological networks. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 99(12), 7821-7826. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.122653799
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American journal of sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380. https://doi.org/10.1086/225469
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American journal of sociology, 91(3), 481-510. https://doi.org/10.1086/228311
Hine, C. (2005). Internet research and the sociology of cyber-social-scientific knowledge. The information society, 21(4), 239-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240591007553
Hite, J. M. (2003). Patterns of multidimensionality among embedded network ties: a typology of relational embeddedness in emerging entrepreneurial firms. Strategic organization, 1(1), 9-49. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F147612700311002
Kindler, M. (2021). Networking in contexts: qualitative social network analysis' insights into migration processes. Global Networks, 21(3), 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12310
Kozinets, R. V. (2015). Netnography: redefined. Sage.
León, A. M. (2005). Teorías y conceptos asociados al estudio de las migraciones internacionales. Trabajo Social, (7), 59-76. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/tsocial/article/view/8476
Levitt, P. (2002). Transnational migration: taking stock and future directions. Global networks, 1(3), 195-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0374.00013
Lin, N. (2002). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action (Vol. 19). Cambridge university press.
Lubbers, M. J. (2021). In Good Company? Personal Relationships, Network Embeddedness, and Social Inclusion. Social Inclusion, 9(4), 203-210. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i4.5049
Lubbers, M. J., Molina, J. L., & McCarty, C. (2020). How do migrants’ processes of social embedding unfold over time?. Global Networks, 21(3), 529-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12297
Maya Jariego, I. (2004). La formación de comunidades de inmigrantes: desplazamiento en cadena y contexto de recepción. Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades, 6 (12), 83-91. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/282/28251204.pdf
Massot, Lafón, M., & Julián, B. P. (2013). Juventud, inmigración e inclusión en Cataluña. Revista de Educação, Ciência e Cultura, 18, (2). http://hdl.handle.net/2445/116143
Reamer, F. G. (2015). Clinical social work in a digital environment: Ethical and risk-management challenges. Clinical Social Work Journal, 43(2), 120-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-014-0495-0
Ryan, L., Sales, R., Tilki, M., & Siara, B. (2008). Social networks, social support and social capital: The experiences of recent Polish migrants in London. Sociology, 42(4), 672-690.https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038038508091622
Schiller, N. G., Basch, L. G., & Blanc-Szanton, C. (1992). Towards a transnational perspective on migration. New York Academy of Sciences.
Solberg, L. B. (2010). Data mining on Facebook: A free space for researchers or an IRB nightmare?. U. Ill. JL Tech. & Pol'y, 311.https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/jltp2010&id=316&men_tab=srchresults
UNHCR (2020). Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2020. https://www.acnur.org/stats/globaltrends/60cbddfd4/tendencias-globales-de-desplazamiento-forzado-en-2020.html
UNHCR (2021). Global Trends. https://www.unhcr.org/afr/figures-at-a-glance.html
Valles, M. S. (2000). Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social (pp. 178-179). Madrid: Sintesis Editorial
van Liempt, I., & Nijenhuis, G. (2020). Socio-Economic Participation of Somali Refugees in the Netherlands, Transnational Networks and Boundary Spanning. Social inclusion, 8(1), 264-274. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i1.2434
Vázquez Márquez, I. (2013). Identidad, comunidad y diáspora en los cibermundos: una etnografía multi-situada. Ene, 12, 28. https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/23411/
Vertovec, S. (2009). Transnationalism. Routledge.
Wellman, B., & Frank, K. (2001). Network capital in a multi-level world: Getting support from personal communities. Social capital: Theory and research, 233, e273.
Wessendorf, S., & Farrer, J. (2021). Commonplace and out-of-place diversities in London and Tokyo: migrant-run eateries as intercultural third places. Comparative Migration Studies, 9(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-021-00235-3
Whyte, W. F. (1943). Social organization in the slums. American Sociological Review, 8(1), 34-39. https://doi.org/2085446
Wilson, R. E., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, L. T. (2012). A review of Facebook research in the social sciences. Perspectives on psychological science, 7 (3), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612442904
Williams, D. (2006). On and off the’Net: Scales for social capital in an online era. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 11(2), 593-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00029.x
Wimmer, A., & Glick Schiller, N. (2002). Methodological nationalism and beyond: nation–state building, migration and the social sciences. Global networks, 2(4), 301-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0374.00043
Wissink, M., & Mazzucato, V. (2018). In transit: Changing social networks of sub-Saharan African migrants in Turkey and Greece. Social Networks, 53, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.03.005