Published 2024-06-12
Keywords
- dating app,
- digital ethic,
- media education,
- ghosting,
- online relationship
Copyright (c) 2024 Luciano Di Mele, Alice Lo Sardo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Dating apps have significantly transformed the landscape of relationships, presenting new opportunities but challenges, including the growing prevalence of ghosting, a practice of implicit rejection that manifests through the unilateral cessation of online communication. This phenomenon is not limited exclusively to dating platforms but can extend to a wide range of contexts characterized by the expectation of communicative reciprocity. It pushes for an ethical reflection on users’ emotional responsibility, which makes the role of media education relevant. In this study, we examine the role of dating apps in shaping online relational dynamics and promoting the diffusion and normalization of ghosting through a critical perspective inspired by the key concepts of Buckingham’s educational media analysis: Language, Representation, Production, and Audience. Therefore, some multidisciplinary educational strategies are proposed to combat ghosting and promote more respectful online relationships, acting on different levels: technological, user, and community. The importance of ethical design of dating apps and media education that encourages reflective and empathetic participation of users and promotes collaboration on a collective and community level emerges.
References
- Abramova, O., Baumann, A., Krasnova, H., & Buxmann, P. (2016). Gender differences in online dating: What do we know so far? A Systematic literature review. HICSS. https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2016.481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2016.481
- Alley, E., & Jia, M. (2023). Pursue the boo: The moderating role of dating recency between ghosting and unwanted persistent pursuit. Communication Research Reports, 40(4), 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2023.2235273 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2023.2235273
- Alvermann, D. E., Moon, J. S., Hagwood, M. C., & Hagood, M. C. (2018). Popular culture in the classroom: Teaching and researching critical media literacy. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315059327
- Atske, S. (2023, September 22). From looking for love to swiping the field: Online dating in the U.S. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2023/02/02/from-looking-for-love-to-swiping-the-field-online-dating-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=For%20example%2C%2079%25%20of%20online,those%20in%20other%20age%20groups://www.pewresearch.org
- Bandinelli, C. (2022). Dating apps: towards post-romantic love in digital societies. The International Journal of Cultural Policy, 28(7), 905–919. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2022.2137157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2022.2137157
- Bandinelli, C., & Gandini, A. (2022). Dating apps: The uncertainty of marketised love. Cultural Sociology, 16(3), 423–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/17499755211051559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17499755211051559
- Bandura, A. (2015). Moral disengagement: How People Do Harm and Live with Themselves. Worth.
- Bennett, P., McDougall, J., & Potter, J. (2020). The uses of media literacy. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200236
- Boltin, D. (2019). Etica e progettazione delle tecnologie – Un approccio umanistico alla scienza – L’opinione di Viola Schiaffonati. Persone&Conoscenze 35/27-30 (Consultato il 26/04/2024)
- Bottà, D. (2022, January 6). Benessere digitale: alcune regole per il design – UXlab.it – Medium. Medium. https://medium.com/uxlab-it/benessere-digitale-alcune-regole-per-il-design-f6dfb227adf3
- Bucher, T., & Helmond, A. (2017). The Affordances of Social Media Platforms. In The SAGE Handbook of Social Media. SAGE. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317792421_The_Affordances_of_Social_Media_Platforms (Consultato il 26/04/2024)
- Buckingham, D. (2006). Media education. Alfabetizzazione, apprendimento e cultura contemporanea. Edizioni Erickson.
- Buckingham, D. (2020). Un manifesto per la media education. Mondadori.
- Campaioli, G., Testoni, I., & Zamperini, A. (2022). Double blue ticks: Reframing ghosting as ostracism through an abductive study on affordances. Cyberpsychology, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2022-5-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-5-10
- Carpenter, C. J., & McEwan, B. (2016 ). The players of micro-dating: Individual and gender differences in goal orientations toward micro-dating apps. First Monday 21/05. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i5.6187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i5.6187
- Committee for Children. (2020). Social-Emotional Learning, Digital Citizenship, and Media Literacy | https://www.cfchildren.org/policy-collateral/one-pagers/social-emotional-learning-digital-citizenship-and-media-literacy/
- Comunello, F., Parisi, L., & Ieracitano, F. (2). Negotiating gender scripts in mobile dating apps: between affordances, usage norms and practices. Information, Communication & Society, 24(8), 1140–1156. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2020.1787485 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1787485
- Dacka, M. (2023). Functioning of the Alpha generation – challenges and hazards. The role of media education in the formation of the new generation. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio J, Paedagogia-Psychologia, 36(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.17951/j.2023.36.2.109-123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17951/j.2023.36.2.109-123
- David, G., & Cambre, M. (2016). Screened Intimacies: Tinder and the Swipe logic. Social Media + Society, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116641976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116641976
- Davis, A. P. (2015, June 19). Charlize Theron gets a black belt in ghosting. The Cut. https://www.thecut.com/2015/06/charlize-theron-gets-a-black-belt-in-ghosting.html (consultato il 26/04/2024)
- Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. E. (2011, September 28). From game design elements to gamefulness. Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments. https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040
- Dunlop, J. (2018 ). App-ily Ever After – Self-Presentation and perception of others on the dating app Tinder. STARS. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6185
- Eaton, A. A., & Rose, S. (2011). Has dating become more egalitarian? A 35 year review using sex roles. Sex Roles, 64(11–12), 843–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9957-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9957-9
- Eyal, N. (2015). Creare prodotti e servizi per catturare i clienti (Hooked). Edizioni LSWR.
- Fabbro, F., & Felini, D. (2012). Media Education e Media Attivismo. Convergenze, divergenze e questioni aperte Encyclopaideia 32:39-62
- Fastrez, P., & Landry, N. (2023). Media Literacy and Media Education Research Methods. In Routledge eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003045366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003045366
- Floridi, L. (2017). La quarta rivoluzione: Come l’infosfera sta trasformando il mondo. Raffaello Cortina Editore.
- Floridi, L. (2022). Etica dell’intelligenza artificiale: Sviluppi, opportunità, sfide. Raffaello Cortina Editore.
- Freedman, G., Powell, D. N., Le, B., & Williams, K. D. (2018). Ghosting and destiny: Implicit theories of relationships predict beliefs about ghosting. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(3), 905–924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517748791 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517748791
- Freedman, G., Powell, D. N., Le, B., & Williams, K. D. (2022). Emotional experiences of ghosting. The Journal of Social Psychology/Journal of Social Psychology, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2022.2081528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2022.2081528
- Gershon, I. (2010). The Breakup 2.0: Disconnecting over New Media. Cornell University Press.
- Gillespie, T., Boczkowski, P. J., & Foot, K. A. (2014). Media technologies. In The MIT Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262525374.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262525374.001.0001
- Gui, M. (2019). Il digitale a scuola. Rivoluzione o abbaglio? . Il Mulino.
- Halversen, A., King, J., & Silva, L. (2021). Reciprocal self-disclosure and rejection strategies on bumble. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(5), 1324–1343. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211055759 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211055759
- Hertz, N. (2021). Il secolo della solitudine: L’importanza della comunità nell’economia e nella vita di tutti i giorni. Il Saggiatore.
- Hobbs, M., Owen, S., & Gerber, L. (2016). Liquid love? Dating apps, sex, relationships and the digital transformation of intimacy. Journal of Sociology, 53(2), 271–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783316662718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783316662718
- Hoover A. (2024) We Tried a Dating App That Lets a Chatbot Break the Ice for You. It Got Weird. Wired https://www.wired.com/story/volar-dating-app-chatbot-screen-matches/ (consultato il 26/04/2024)
- Illouz, E. (2007). Intimità fredde. Le emozioni nella società dei consumi. Feltrinelli.
- Jonason, P. K., Kaźmierczak, I., Campos, A. C., & Davis, M. D. (2021). Leaving without a word: Ghosting and the dark triad traits. Acta Psychologica, 220, 103425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103425
- Joyce, M. C. (2010). Digital activism decoded: The new mechanics of change. IDEA.
- Kalantzis, M., & Cope, B. (2008). Language education and multiliteracies. In Springer eBooks (pp. 195–211). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_15
- Knapp, M. L., & Vangelisti, A. L. (2009). Interpersonal communication and human relationships. Allyn & Bacon.
- Knudson, S. (2016). A good match? Offline matchmaking services and implications for gender relations. Marriage & Family Review, 53(7), 641–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1247764 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1247764
- Koerner, A. F. (2018). Relationship typologies. In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 65–76). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417867.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417867.007
- Koessler, R. B., Kohut, T., & Campbell, L. (2019). When your Boo becomes a ghost: The association between breakup strategy and breakup role in experiences of relationship dissolution. Collabra. Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.230
- LeFebvre, L. E. (2017). Phantom Lovers: Ghosting as a Relationship Dissolution Strategy in the Technological Age. In The impact of social media in modern romantic relationships. in Narissra Punyanunt-Carter, Jason Wrench (eds) Swipe right for love: The impact of social media in modern romantic relationships (pp.219-236) Chapter: Chapter 14. Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
- LeFebvre, L. E., Allen, M., Rasner, R. D., Garstad, S., Wilms, A., & Parrish, C. (2019). Ghosting in emerging Adults’ romantic relationships: The Digital Dissolution Disappearance Strategy. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 39(2), 125–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236618820519 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236618820519
- LeFebvre, L. E., & Fan, X. (2020). Ghosted?: Navigating strategies for reducing uncertainty and implications surrounding ambiguous loss. Personal Relationships, 27(2), 433–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12322 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12322
- Maclean, K. (2018, March 22). POF survey reveals 80% of millennials have been ghosted! The Blog. https://blog.pof.com/2016/03/pof-survey-reveals-80-millennials-ghosted/ (consultato il 26/04/2024)
- Maggini, V. (2021, January 6). User Interfaces: la logica dello “swipe” e l’intimità “schermata” di Tinder. Medium. https://vittoriamaggini.medium.com/user-interfaces-la-logica-dello-swipe-e-lintimit%C3%A0-schermata-di-tinder-9b402783578a (consultato il 26/04/2024)
- Malinowska, A. N. I. A., & Peri, V. (2021). Fast Love. Temporalities of Digitized Togetherness. Malinowska, A. & Peri, V. Data Dating. Love, Technology, Desire. Intellect, 42-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/9781789384956
- Manning, J., Denker, K., & Johnson, R. M. (2019). Justifications for “Ghosting out” of developing or ongoing romantic relationships: Anxieties regarding Digitally-Mediated Romantic Interaction. In Hetsroni A. & Tuncez M. (Eds), It Happened on Tinder: Reflections and Studies on Internet-Infused Dating. Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam.
- MatchGroup: Letter to Shareholders. (2023). [Dataset]. https://ir.mtch.com/files/doc_financials/2023/q4/Earnings-Letter-Q4-2023-vF.pdf
- Narr, G., & Luong, A. (2022). Bored ghosts in the dating app assemblage: How dating app algorithms couple ghosting behaviors with a mood of boredom. The Communication Review, 26(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2022.2129949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2022.2129949
- Navarro, R., Rubio, E. L., Jiménez, S. Y., & Víllora, B. (2020). Psychological Correlates of Ghosting and Breadcrumbing Experiences: A Preliminary Study among Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health/International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031116
- Navarro, R., Rubio, E. L., Jiménez, S. Y., & Víllora, B. (2021). Ghosting and breadcrumbing: prevalence and relations with online dating behaviors among young adults. Escritos De Psicología, 13(2), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v13i2.9960 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v13i2.9960
- Oldenburg, R. (1999). The great good place: Cafes, coffee shops, bookstores, bars, hair salons, and other hangouts at the heart of a community. Da Capo Press.
- Orosz, G., Tóth‐Király, I., Bőthe, B., & Melher, D. (2016). Too many swipes for today: The development of the Problematic Tinder Use Scale (PTUS). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 518–523. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.016
- Pancani, L., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2022). Relationship dissolution strategies: Comparing the psychological consequences of ghosting, orbiting, and rejection. Cyberpsychology, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2022-2-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-2-9
- Pancani, L., Mazzoni, D., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2021). Ghosting and orbiting: An analysis of victims’ experiences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(7), 1987–2007. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211000417 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211000417
- Petrić, D. (2023). Potential detrimental health and social effects of ghosting. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7755685
- Potter, J. (2023). Observing literacy practices in the “Third Space”: Research methods. In Media Literacy and Media Education Research Methods (pp. 80-96). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003045366-6
- Potter, W. J.(2020) Media Literacy . Sage.
- Powell, D. N., Freedman, G., Le, B., & Williams, K. D. (2022). Exploring individuals’ descriptive and injunctive norms of ghosting. Cyberpsychology, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2022-3-11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-3-11
- Pruchniewska, U. (2020, April 13). “I like that It’s my choice a couple different times”: Gender, affordances, and user experience on Bumble Dating. Pruchniewska | International Journal of Communication. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/12657/3072
- Salvetti, L. (2023, January 21). Il romanticismo binario dello swipe su Tinder – Linda Salvetti – Medium. Medium. https://medium.com/@lindasalvetti_83771/il-romanticismo-binario-dello-swipe-su-tinder-231d2ebc0a6
- Sharabi, L. L., & Dykstra-DeVette, T. A. (2019). From first email to first date: Strategies for initiating relationships in online dating. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(11–12), 3389–3407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518822780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518822780
- Šiša, A. (2022). View of Ghosting as a technologically assisted exit strategy on mobile dating apps. Anthropological Notebooks, Vol. 28, (Issue 2, pp. 1-22,). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7497811
- Spaccarotella, M. (2020). Il piacere digitale. Giunti Psychometrics
- Sprecher, S., Zimmerman, C., & Abrahams, E. M. (2010). Choosing compassionate strategies to end a relationship. Social Psychology, 41(2), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000010
- Statista (2022). Tinder MAU user ratio in the U.S. 2021, by gender. https://www.statista.com/statistics/975925/us-tinder-user-ratio-gender/
- Thomas, J. O., & Dubar, R. T. (2021). Disappearing in the age of hypervisibility: Definition, context, and perceived psychological consequences of social media ghosting. Psychology of Popular Media, 10(3), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000343 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000343
- Thomas, M. F., Binder, A., & Matthes, J. (2023a). The psychological influence of dating app matches: The more matches the merrier? New Media & Society, 146144482311615. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231161598 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231161598
- Thomas, M. F., Binder, A., Stević, A., & Matthes, J. (2023b). 99+ matches But a spark ain’t one: adverse psychological effects of excessive swiping on young dating app users. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4112926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4112926
- Timmermans, E., & Courtois, C. (2018). From swiping to casual sex and/or committed relationships: Exploring the experiences of Tinder users. the Information Society/the Information Society, 34(2), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2017.1414093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2017.1414093
- Timmermans, E., Hermans, A., & Opree, S. J. (2020). Gone with the wind: Exploring mobile daters’ ghosting experiences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(2), 783–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520970287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520970287
- Tong, S. T., & Walther, J. B. (2010). Just say ‘“no thanks”’: Romantic rejection in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(4), 488–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510384895 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510384895
- Van Alstein, M. (2019). Controversy & polarisation in the classroom: Suggestions for pedagogical practice. Flemish Peace Institute.
- Van De Wiele, C., & Campbell, J. F. (2019). From Swiping to Ghosting: Conceptualizing rejection in Mobile Dating. IT HAPPENED, 13, 158. . In Hetsroni A. & Tuncez M. (Eds), It Happened on Tinder: Reflections and Studies on Internet-Infused Dating. Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam.
- Van Den Berg, E. A. J. L. (2018 ). GHOSTING AND COMMITMENT TOWARD TINDER What is the relationship between experiencing ghosting and commitment toward Tinder? [Master Thesis Economic Psychology, Master Thesis Economic Psychology]. https://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=148484
- Van Sparrentak, K. (2023 ). REPORT on addictive design of online services and consumer protection in the EU single market | A9-0340/2023 | European Parliament. © European Union, 2023 – Source: European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2023-0340_EN.html
- Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-Mediated communication. Communication Research, 23(1), 3–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365096023001001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/009365096023001001
- Weisskirch, R. S., & Delevi, R. (2013). Attachment style and conflict resolution skills predicting technology use in relationship dissolution. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2530–2534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.027
- Wong, B. (2022, November 30). The 6 online dating issues people complain about most in therapy. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dating-app-problems_l_5e39bb35c5b6ed0033adad4c (consultato il 26/04/2024)
- Wood, N. R., Leckfor, C. M., Wicks, S. G., & Hales, A. H. (2023). Ghosting from the workplace: The impact of feedback (or lack thereof) on applicants’ psychological needs satisfaction. Routledge Open Research, 2, 3. https://doi.org/10.12688/routledgeopenres.17725.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/routledgeopenres.17725.2
- Yap, M. A., Francisco, A. M., & Gopez, C. (2021). From Best Friends to Silent Ends: Exploring the concepts of ghosting in Non-Romantic relationships. International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 2(10), 943–950. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.02.10.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.02.10.12
- Zhou, Y. (2023). The benefits and Dangers of online dating apps. Canadian Journal of Family and Youth, 15(2), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29872 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29872
- Zytko, D., Grandhi, S. A., & Jones, Q. (2014). Impression Management Struggles in Online Dating. NJIT Connections. https://doi.org/10.1145/2660398.2660410 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2660398.2660410