Residents’ Perceptions of Geographical Indication Benefits, Pride, and Support in an Emerging Brazilian Wine Region: Evidence from São Joaquim: Special Issue "Transforming wine value chains – Adapting to a changing world"
Published 2026-07-23
Keywords
- Geographical indication,
- Cultural appreciation,
- Wine tourism
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2024 Giancarlo Philippi Zacchi, Luiz Carlos da Silva Flores, Paulo Sérgio Reinert, Guilherme Oliveira de Mattos da Silva Flores, Eduardo Luiz Moura Sobânia

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
This study examines how Geographical Indications (GIs) contribute to territorial development and social legitimacy in emerging wine regions, focusing on residents’ perceptions of the economic, social, and environmental impacts of the GI for high-altitude fine wines in São Joaquim, Brazil. Drawing on a survey with 181 residents, the study employs Structural Equation Modeling using the Robust Diagonally Weighted Least Squares estimator to test a model linking perceived impacts, benefits, pride, and support for the GI. The results indicate that social and economic factors are positively associated with perceived benefits, while environmental factors do not show a significant effect. Perceived benefits significantly increase residents’ pride, which, in turn, strongly predicts support for the GI, suggesting that pride may operate as an affective mechanism linking perceived benefits to support. These findings suggest that the consolidation of GIs in emerging wine regions depends not only on economic performance, but also on residents’ perceived benefits, pride, and support. The study contributes to the literature on wine tourism and Geographical Indications by highlighting the role of residents’ perceptions in shaping the sustainability and long-term support of territorial valorization strategies.
References
- Adhika, I. M., & Putra, I. D. G. A. D. (2020). Reinvigorating cultural landscapes for planning cultural tourism in Bali. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 33, 1462-1469.
- Alcalá-Ordóñez, A., & Segarra, V. (2023) Tourism and economic development: A literature review to highlight main empirical findings, Tourism Economics, vol. 31(1), pages 76-103, February. https://doi-org.ez46.periodicos.capes.gov.br/10.1177/13548166231219638
- Aman, EE, Papp-Váry, Á. F., Kangai, D., & Odunga, SO (2024). Building a Sustainable Future: Challenges, Opportunities, and Innovative Strategies for Destination Branding in Tourism. Administrative Sciences , 14 (12), 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14120312
- AMAP. Associação dos Produtores de Maçã e Pera de Santa Catarina. (2025). 137 years of São Joaquim: Celebrating the essence of the National Apple Capital. https://www.amapsc.org.br/
- Bizinelli, C., & Manoso, F.C. (2017). Gastronomy and geographical indications as a tool for valuing the territory. Applied Tourism, 2(3), 01-25.
- Bourlon, F., Gale, T., Adiego, A., Álvarez-Barra, V., & Salazar, A. (2021). Grounding sustainable tourism in science—A geographic approach. Sustainability, 13(13), 7455.
- Brazil, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. (2025). Wine and beverage information system (SIVIBE). https://mapa-indicadores.agricultura.gov.br/publico/extensions/SIVIBE/SIVIBE.html
- Brown, T. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd Ed). Guilford Press.
- Calabrese, B. (2024) The Evolving Protection of Geographical Indications Against Services: ‘‘Brand’’ New World? IIC, 55:348–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-024-01443-x
- Cardoso VA, Lourenzani AEBS, Caldas MM, Bernardo CHC, Bernardo R. The benefits and barriers of geographical indications to producers: A review. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 2022;37(6):707-719. doi:10.1017/S174217052200031X
- Carvalho, M., Kastenholz, E., & Carneiro, M. J. (2021). Interaction as a central element of co-creative wine tourism experiences—Evidence from Bairrada, a Portuguese wine-producing region. Sustainability, 13(16), 9374.
- Chacana-Ojeda, M. et al. (2025). The development of geographical indications in Latin America: a bibliometric analysis. RIVAR, 12(34), 1-22, https://doi.org/10.35588/5f224w47
- Covarrubia, P. The Disappearance of Traditions: The Use of Geographical Indications and Collective Marks to Prevent Loss of Culture in South America. IIC 55, 1257–1280 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-024-01519-8
- Crescenzi, R., De Filippis, F., Giua, M., & Vaquero-Piñeiro, C. (2022). Geographical Indications and local development: the strength of territorial embeddedness. Regional Studies, 56(3), 381-393.
- Cristallo, D. Geographical Indications and biodiversity: An overview of regulatory challenges and critical perspectives. in the agrifood chain, 47.
- Del Rio, V. & Oliveira, L. (1999). Environmental perception: the Brazilian experience. São Paulo: Studio Nobel.
- Depetris Chauvin, N. (2025). Tourism and services diversification in the global wine industry: Ten stylized facts. Tourism Economics, 31(6), 1095-1114. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166251314624 (Original work published 2025)
- DiStefano, C., Morgan, G. B. (2014). A Comparison of Diagonal Weighted Least Squares Robust Estimation Techniques for Ordinal Data. Structural Equation Modeling, 21(3), 425-438. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2014.915373.
- Ducman, A. A., Diaconita, V., Simonca, I., Belciu, A., & Corbea, A. M. I. (2023). Government Oversight and Economic Impacts: Sustainability in the Vineyard and the Evolution of Wine Regulations, Trade and Production. Agronomy, 13(12), 2991. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122991
- Esau, D., & Senese, D. M. (2022). The sensory experience of wine tourism: Creating memorable associations with a wine destination. Food Quality and Preference, 101, 104635.
- Flores, L.C.S., Flores, G.O.M.S., Jaski, P.G., Cegatta Júnior, I. (2023). Contribution of Wine Tourism in São Joaquim/SC to the perception of residents. Journal of Contemporary Tourism, Natal, v. 11, n. 2, p. 317-345.
- Gade, D.W.. (2004). Tradition, Territory, and Terroir in French Viniculture: Cassis, France, and Appellation Contrôlée. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94: 848-867. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.00438.x
- Gerber, R.M. (2019). The contribution of anthropology in recognizing cultural reference in GI (geographical identity) processes in Santa Catarina (2019). Geographical Indications and Traditional Products: Proceedings of the VIII Santa Catarina Workshop on Geographical Indication. Florianópolis, 30-33
- Giesbrecht, H.O. et al. (2016). Brazilian geographical indications. Brasília: SEBRAE, INPI.
- Gil, A.C. (2008). Methods and techniques of social research. 6. ed. São Paulo: Atlas.
- Happ, E., & Nemes, N. (2025). The role of territorial identity in the sustainability of tourism in Hungary. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 58(1), 225-232.
- Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). (2025). São Joaquim: Panorama and population data. https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sc/sao-joaquim/panorama
- National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI). (2025). Basic guide to geographical indications. https://www.gov.br/inpi/pt-br/servicos/indicacoes-geograficas/guia-basico
- Jezierska-Thöle, A., Gonia, A., Podgórski, Z., & Gwiaździńska-Goraj, M. (2025). Wine Tourism as a Tool for Sustainable Development of the Cultural Landscape—A Case Study of Douro Wine Region in Portugal. Sustainability, 17(4), 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041494
- Králiková, A., Kubát, P., & Ryglová, K. (2025). Happiness perception in wine tourism destinations and its impact on tourists’ satisfaction and loyalty . European Journal of Tourism Research, 39, 3902. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v39i.3363
- Lan, T., Zheng, Z., Tian, D., Zhang, R., Law, R., & Zhang, M. (2021). Resident-tourist value co-creation in the intangible cultural heritage tourism context: The role of residents’ perception of tourism development and emotional solidarity. Sustainability, 13(3), 1369.
- Li, C. H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavioral Research Methods, 48(3), 936-49doi: 10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7.
- Lopes, K.M. (2021). Paths of Environmental Perception in Place: Pindaí – Island of Maranhão. Dissertation (Master's) – Course in Geography, Nature and Dynamics of Space, State University of Maranhão
- Lucion, J.M.R. (2019). The Social Construction of the Territorial Identity of the Corupá/SC Region Amidst Qualifications, Singularities and Geographical Indications (2019). Geographical Indications and Traditional Products: Proceedings of the VIII Santa Catarina Workshop on Geographical Indication. Florianópolis, 34-44.
- Mazé, A. (2023). Geographical indications as global knowledge commons: Ostrom's law on common intellectual property and collective action. Journal of Institutional Economics, 19(4), 494-510.
- Menapace, L., & Moschini, G. (2024). The Economics of Geographical Indications: An Update. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 16.
- Milano, M. Z., & Cazella, A. A. (2021). Environmental effects of geographical indications and their influential factors: A review of the empirical evidence. Current research in Environmental sustainability, 3, 100096.
- Palermo, A., Chieffallo, L., & Virgilio, S. (2023). The identification of cultural tourism geographies: results from a systematic literature review. Geographica Pannonica, 27(4).
- Pamukçu, H., Saraç, Ö., Aytuğar, S., & Sandıkçı, M. (2021). The effects of local food and local products with geographical indication on the development of tourism gastronomy. Sustainability, 13(12), 6692.
- Pandolfo, C., & Viana, L. F. N. (Orgs.). (2020). High-Altitude Wines of Santa Catarina: Characterization of the producing region, indicators and instruments for proposing a geographical indication (200 p.). Florianópolis: Epagri.
- Pettenati, G., Amo, E., & Woods, M. (2025). Assembling mountains through food. Typical cheese and politics of mountainness in the Italian Alps. Geoforum, Volume 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104210.
- Municipal Government of São Joaquim. (2025). Geographic and social aspects. https://saojoaquim.sc.gov.br/pagina-713/
- Prodanov, C.C., & Freitas, E.C. (2013). Methodology of Scientific Work: Methods and Techniques of Research and Academic Work. Novo Hamburgo: Feevale.
- Quintela, J. A., Albuquerque, H., & Freitas, I. (2023). Port wine and wine tourism: The touristic dimension of Douro’s landscape. Sustainability, 15(15), 11718.
- Rebollar, P. B. M., & Baumgarten, C. (2020). High Altitude Wines of Santa Catarina: History and Culture (88 p.) Florianópolis: Epagri/Sebrae.
- Richardson, R.J. et al. (2011). Social research: methods and techniques. São Paulo: Atlas.
- Ruggieri, F., Coulon-Leroy, C., & Mazé, A. (2023). How Can Collective Action Support the Agroecological Transition in Geographical Indication Vineyards? Insights from the Loire Valley Wine Area. Sustainability, 15(12), 9371. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129371
- Ruiz Pulpón, Á. R., & Cañizares Ruiz, M. D. C. (2022). Intangible heritage and territorial identity in the multifunctional agrarian systems of vineyards in castilla-la mancha (Spain). Land, 11(2), 281.
- Salvado, J. (2016). Wine culture, territory/landscape and tourism, the enotourism key pillars. How to get business success and territorial sustainability inside wine tourism ecosystem? A pathway for the new genera on of tourism research Proceedings of the EATSA Conference 2016.
- Salvado, J.O.M.G. (2016). Enotourism ecosystem: stakeholders ‘coopetition model proposal. Tourism and Hospitality International Journal, 6(2), 77-93.
- Schober, K., Balling, R., Chilla, T., & Lindermayer, H. (2023). European Integration Processes in the EU GI System—A Long-Term Review of EU Regulation for GIs. Sustainability, 15(3), 2666.
- Soares, J. R. R., Casado-Claro, M. F., Lezcano-González, M. E., Sánchez-Fernández, M. D., Gabriel, L. P. M. C., & Abríl-Sellarés, M. (2021). The role of the local host community’s involvement in the development of tourism: A case study of the residents’ perceptions toward tourism on the route of Santiago de compostela (Spain). Sustainability, 13(17), 9576.
- Spineti, G., & Nico Bortoletto. (2024). The Quality Shift: A Sociological Approach to the winemaking in the Province of Teramo, Abruzzo and the possible development through wine tourism. Perspectiva Geográfica, 29(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.19053/uptc.01233769.16537
- Szolnoki, G., & Tafel, M. (2022). Environmental sustainability and tourism—the importance of organic wine production for wine tourism in Germany. Sustainability, 14(19), 11831.
- Trigo, A., & Silva, P. (2022). Sustainable development directions for wine tourism in Douro wine region, Portugal. Sustainability, 14(7), 3949.
- Tuntipisitkul, P., Tsusaka, T. W., Kim, S. M., Shrestha, R. P., & Sasaki, N. (2021). Residents’ perception of changing local conditions in the context of tourism development: The case of Phuket Island. Sustainability, 13(16), 8699.
- Vandecandelaere, E., Samper, L. F., Rey, A., Daza, A., Mejía, P., Tartanac, F., & Vittori, M. (2021). The geographical indication pathway to sustainability: A framework to assess and monitor the contributions of geographical indications to sustainability through a participatory process. Sustainability, 13(14), 7535.
- Vieira LM, Monticelli JM, Cislaghi TP (2025), "The interplay of institutions and coopetition: a decade-long analysis of a geographical indication in the Brazilian wine industry". Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 40 No. 6 pp. 1283–1297, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-04-2024-0268
- Vinhos de Altitude Producers Association. (2025). Altitude wines of Santa Catarina: A unique experience in the world. https://vinhosdealtitude.com.br/#viniculas
- Wang, B., He, S., Min, Q., Cui, F., & Wang, G. (2021). Influence of residents’ perception of tourism’s impact on supporting tourism development in a GIAHS site: The mediating role of perceived justice and community identity. Land, 10(10), 998.
- Xian, Y., Liu, G., & Zhong, L. (2022). Will citrus geographical indications face different climate change challenges in China? Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 356, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131885
- Xu, S., Barbieri, C., Anderson, D., & Leung, Y. (2016). Residents' perceptions of wine tourism development. Tourism Management, 55, 276-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.02.016
- Zachmann, Lucca, Chloe McCallum, and Robert Finger. 2025. “ The Effect of Geographical Denomination on the Uptake of Fungus-Resistant Grapes.” Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 47(3): 1095–1118. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13512
