Effectiveness of the Community Household Level Coconut Processing Project (CHLCPP) in Bukidnon, Philippines
Published 2025-11-03
Keywords
- Effectiveness,
- KEDP,
- Profitability
Copyright (c) 2026 Christian Fel Soriano Batoctoy

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
The Philippine government spends a lot of resources to aid the farming sector. Still, most of the farmers are considered economically poor. The study evaluated the effectiveness of the KAANIB Enterprise Development Project’s coconut processing component by the Philippine Coconut Authority in Kibawe and Damulog, Bukidnon, 10 years after implementation. Using descriptive research and thematic analysis on 140 beneficiaries, it measured profitability changes through a paired sample t-test. Significant improvements were found in Return on Investment, Return on Asset, Return on Equity, Gross Profit Margin, and Net Profit Margin for both locations. The study highlights the need for a proper community needs assessment and comprehensive impact evaluation to address project setbacks. Findings support policy recommendations to help the agency better achieve its goals.
References
- Abbott, R. (2019). Ratio Analysis: Gross Profit Margin. Available at: https://www.gurufocus.com/news/972172/ratio-analysis-gross-profit-margin (Accessed 15 March 2023).
- Aisah, D. N., Munandar, K., Wadiono, G., & Jannah, S. R. (2023). Increasing students’ creative thinking through differentiated learning with an CRT-Integrated PjBL Model. Bioeduca: Journal of Biology Education, 5(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.21580/bioeduca.v5i2.17299
- American Psychological Association (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
- Ani, P. A. B., & Castillo, M. (2019). The Philippine coconut industry: Status, Policies and Strategic Directions for Development. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region – Agricultural Policy Platform.
- Ani, P. A. B., & Casasola, H. (2020). Transcending Barriers in Agriculture through Gender and Development. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region – Agricultural Policy Platform.
- Atidhira, A. T., & Yustina, A. I. (2017). The influence of return on asset, debt to equity ratio, earnings per share, and company size on share return in property and real estate companies. Journal of Applied Accounting and Finance, 1(2), 128–146.
- Balane, W. I. (2013). Matigsalug tribe folks in Bukidnon eye coconut plantation for livelihood. MindaNews. Available at: https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2013/06/matigsalug-tribe-folks-in-bukidnon-eye-coconut-plantation-for-livelihood/ (Accessed 14 March 2023).
- Baldwin, C. Y. (2016). Return on Invested Capital (ROIC). In Augier, M., and Teece, D. J. (Eds). The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management. London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1466–1469.
- Barret D., Blundo-Canto G., Dabat M-H., Devaux-Spatarakis A., Faure G., Hainzelin E., Mathé S., Temple L., Toillier A., Triomphe B., Vall E. (2018). Methodological guide to ex post impact evaluation of agricultural research in developing countries. Montpellier, CIRAD. https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00006
- Bayacag, P. (2020). Understanding impact assessment and its framework. A lecture notes. Training – Workshop on Impact Assessment of RDE Projects in Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources.
- Bhandari, P. (2020). How to calculate standard deviation guide: calculator and examples. Available at: https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/standard-deviation/ (Accessed 15 March 2023).
- Budiyanta, W. A. (2021). A literature review of net profit margin. Social Science Studies, 1(2), 115–128. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.47153/sss12.2262021
- Bullock, R. K. (2006). Theory of effectiveness measurament. Dissertation. Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT).
- Daryanto, W. M., Maharani, A. P., Wiradjaja, N. (2021). Profitability ratio analysis before and during COVID-19: case study in PT JAPFA comfeed Indonesia. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 24(4), 52–59.
- Dy, R., & Reyes, S. (2006). The coconut industry: Performance, Issues and Recommendations. Economic Policy Reform and Advocacy. Ateneo de Manila University – Rockwell and Quezon City.
- Francis, C., Nicolaysen, A. M., Morse, S., Breland, T. A., & Lieblen, G. (2014). Bridging farming experience and science: Learning for agroecological design of sustainable farming systems. In Proceedings of the 4th ISOFAR Scientific Conference ‘Building Organic Bridges’, at the Organic World Congress 2014, 13-15 October, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Fryirs, K., Brierley, G., Dixon, T. (2019). Engaging with research impact assessment for an environmental science case study. Nature Communications, 10(1), 4542.
- Golestani, R., & Fallah, R. (2019). Comparison of profitability proportions before and after the implementation of corporate governance in companies listed in Tehran stock exchange. Dutch Journal of Finance and Management, 3(1), em0055. https://doi.org/10.29333/djfm/5872
- Ichwandiani, R., & Hassan, S. (2025). Industry analysis: agriculture in Philippines. ARC BCS ID: BCS010. Kuala Lumpur, Asia School of Business. Available at: https://asb.edu.my/faculty/research-publication-database/ (Accessed 19 May 2025).
- International Labour Organization (2018). Coconut farming in the Philippines: an overview of challenges and opportunities. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---robangkok/documents/publication/wcms_632718.pdf (Accessed 15 March 2023).
- Inso, F. A. (2018). Declining farmer population. Available at: https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/191635/declining-farmer-population (Accessed 19 May 2023).
- Jimenez, M. A. L., Santos, P. B., & Gomez, M. L. (2018). Economic contributions of agriculture in Bukidnon, Philippines. Bukidnon State University Research Journal, 7(1), 1–13.
- Johnson, A., Smith, B., & Thompson, C. (2018). The role of farmer involvement in government programs: effects on farmer morale. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62(3), 689–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12458
- Lu, J. L. (2007). Gender differentiation among farmers in the agricultural sector in Benguet, Philippines. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a621/575789d2943c7beb295b399ec32c6dcc5fe3 (Accessed 14 April 2023).
- Mauboussin, M. J., & Callahan, D. (2014). Calculating Return on Invested Capital. Credit Suisse. Available at: www.credit-suisse.com (Accessed 15 April 2023).
- Murphy, C. (2022). Corporate Finance and Accounting: Financial Ratios, Net Profit Margin. Available at: https://bit.ly/2BAsY3g (Accessed 29 April 2023).
- Ndoen, M. J., Bumame, S. O., & Sopamena,J. (2018). Developing a sustainable coconut plantation: challenges and opportunities in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 8(1), 40–51.
- Philippine Coconut Authority (2018). PCA Programs and Projects 2018. Available at: https://pca.gov.ph/pdf/compliance2018/MajorProjectsAndProgramsActivities/2018/2018projandoprograms.pdf (Accessed 15 April 2023).
- Philippine Coconut Authority (2023). Coconut Trade Performance and Market Trends (January-December 2022). Quezon City, Trade Information and Relations Division, Trade and Market Development Department.
- PSA - Philippine Statistics Authority (2021). Data on Coconut Production, Yield, and Area Planted. Available at: http://countrystat.psa.gov.ph (Accessed 14 February 2023).
- PSA- Philippine Statistics Authority (2010). 2010 census of population and housing in Bukidnon. Retrieved from https://psa/gov.ph/sites/default/files/BUKIDNON_FINAL%20PDF (Accessed 14 February 2023).
- PSA - Philippine Statistics Authority). (2009). Women in agriculture. Available at: https://psa.gov.ph/content/women-agriculture (Accessed 23 March 2023).
- PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority). (2013). The educational attainment of the household population (2010 census). Available at: https://psa.gov.ph/content/educational-attainment-household-population-results-2010-census (Accessed 14 February 2023).
- Putra, A., Lahindah, L., & Rismadi, B. (2014). Financial performance analysis before and after global crises: case study in Indonesian oil and gas sector for the period of 2006 – 2011. Review of Integrative Business & Economics Research, 3(1), 42.
- Rambaldi, G., Yatbantoong, N., Wattanapenpaiboon, N., & Wahlqvist, M. L. (2018). “Growing old gracefully”: a pilot study of the challenges for smallholder coconut farmers in Thailand in maintaining productivity and sustainability. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 119(1), 1–14.
- Reed, M.S., Ferre, M., Martin – Ortega, J., Blanche, R., Lawford – Rolfe, R., Dallimer, M., & Holden, J. (2021). Evaluating impact from research: a methodological framework. Research Policy, 50(4), 104147.
- Seriño, M. N., Cavero, J., Cuizon, J., Ratilla, T., Ramoneda, B., Bellezas, M. H., & Ceniza, M. J. (2021). Impact of the 2013 super typhoon haiyan on the livelihood of small-scale coconut farmers in Leyte island, Philippine. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 52, 101939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101939.
- Sivapragasam, C., Krishna, V. V., & Krishnasamy, V. (2019). Determinants of adoption and intensity of adoption of coconut cultivation technologies by farmers in Tamil Nadu, India. Agricultural Research, 8(2), 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-019-00329-1
- Yusuf, M., & Surjaatmadja, S. (2018). Analysis of financial performance on profitability with non performance financing as variable moderation (Study at Sharia Commercial Bank in Indonesia period 2012 – 2016). International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(4), 126–132.
- Zamfir, M., Manea, M. D., & Ionescu, L. (2016). Return on investment – Indicator for measuring the profitability of invested capital. Valahian Journal of Economic Studies, 7(2), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1515/vjes-2016-0010
