Articles
Artificial Intelligence Literacy, che cos’è e come promuoverla. Dall’analisi della letteratura ad una proposta di Framework
Stefano Cuomo- Gabriele Biagini
- Maria Ranieri
Published 2022-07-12
Keywords
- Artificial Intelligence (AI),
- Artificial Intelligence Literacy,
- educations,
- ethics
Abstract
This work presents a critical reflection on topics related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and on literacy processes related to the promotion of Artificial Intelligence Literacy (AI Literacy). The study opens with an introductory historical-theoretical survey on the nature, use, and knowledge of AI, then focusing on the literature linked to the AI Literacy skills, particularly on the effective and critical use of AI and educational scenarios aimed at fostering a conceptual awareness of the mechanisms underlying AI and their implications. The work is based on the review of 35 papers relevant to the topic, selected on the basis of explicit criteria of inclusion and exclusion, and with a focus on how the concept of AI Literacy is defined and implemented in the educational practice. The synthesis of the works led to a preliminary proposal of a Framework, laying the foundations for a pedagogically significant reflection for the development of this competence.
References
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Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727
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Mills, K. A. (2010). A Review of the ''Digital Turn'' in the New Literacy Studies. Review of Educational Research, 80(2), 246–271.
Mökander, J., Sheth, M., Watson, D. S. & Floridi, L. (2022). Models for Classifying AI Systems: the Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix. In 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT’22), June 21–24, 2022, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ACM, New York, NY, USA https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533162
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Bawden, D. (2008). Origins and concepts of digital literacy. Digital Literacies: Concepts, Policies and Practices, 30, 17–32.
Burgsteiner, H., Kandlhofer, M., & Steinbauer, G. (2016). IRobot: Teaching the Basics of Artificial Intelligence in High Schools. 2.
Cappello, G. (2017). Literacy, media literacy and social change. Where do we go from now?. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 9(1).
* Cetindamar, D., Kitto, K., Wu, M., Zhang, Y., Abedin, B., & Knight, S. (2022). Explicating AI Literacy of Employees at Digital Workplaces. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2021.3138503
* Chai, C. S., Lin, P.-Y., Jong, M. S.-Y., Dai, Y., Chiu, T. K. F., & Qin, J. (2021). Perceptions of and Behavioral Intentions towards Learning Artificial Intelligence in Primary School Students. 14.
Ciotti, F. Roncaglia, G. (2008). Il mondo digitale. Introduzione ai nuovi media. Roma-Bari Laterza.
Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (2000). Multiliteracies: Literacy learning and the design of social futures. South Yarra, Victoria, Australia: Macmillan.
Crawford, K. (2021) Né intelligente né artificiale. Il lato oscuro dell’IA [Atlas of AI. Powers, Politics, and Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence], Bologna, Il Mulino.
Druga, S., Christoph, F. L., & Ko, A. J. (2022). Family as a Third Space for AI Literacies: How do children and parents learn about AI together? CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3502031
Druga, S., Vu, S. T., Likhith, E., & Qiu, T. (2019). Inclusive AI literacy for kids around the world. Proceedings of FabLearn 2019, 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1145/3311890.3311904
* Ferrari, L., Macauda, A., Soriani, A., & Russo, V. (2020). Educational robotics and artificial intelligence education: What priorities for schools? Form@re - Open Journal per la formazione in rete, 68-85 Pages. https://doi.org/10.13128/FORM-10038
Fortunato, S. (2010). Community detection in graphs. Phys. Rep. 486, 75–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2009.11.002
Gee, J. (2003). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. New York: Palgrave, Macmillan.
* Gong, X., Tang, Y., Liu, X., Jing, S., Cui, W., Liang, J., & Wang, F.-Y. (2020). K-9 Artificial Intelligence Education in Qingdao: Issues, Challenges and Suggestions. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSC48988.2020.9238087
Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health information & libraries journal, 26(2), 91-108.
Hagendorff, T. (2020). The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines. Minds and Machines, 30(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09517-8
* Han, X., Hu, F., Xiong, G., Liu, X., Gong, X., Niu, X., Shi, W., & Wang, X. (2018). Design of AI + Curriculum for Primary and Secondary Schools in Qingdao. 2018 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC), 4135–4140. https://doi.org/10.1109/CAC.2018.8623310
* How, M.-L., & Hung, W. L. D. (2019). Educing AI-Thinking in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) Education. Education Sciences, 9(3), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030184
Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019). Artificial Intelligence: The global landscape of ethics guidelines. 42.
* Julie, H., Alyson, H., & Anne-Sophie, C. (2020). Designing Digital Literacy Activities: An Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Approach. 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE44824.2020.9274165
Kandlhofer, M., Steinbauer, G., Hirschmugl-Gaisch, S., & Huber, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence and computer science in education: From kindergarten to university. 2016 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2016.7757570
* Kim, S., Jang, Y., Kim, W., Choi, S., Jung, H., Kim, S., & Kim, H. (2021). Why and What to Teach: AI Curriculum for Elementary School. 8.
Kong, S.-C., Man-Yin Cheung, W., & Zhang, G. (2021). Evaluation of an artificial intelligence literacy course for university students with diverse study backgrounds. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100026
Kress, G. (2000). Multimodality. In B. Cope & M. Kalantzis (Eds.), Multiliteracies: Literacy learning and the design of social futures (pp. 182–202). South Yarra, Victoria, Australia: Macmillan
Lankshear, C., & Knobel, M. (2003). New literacies: Changing knowledge and classroom learning. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
* Lee, I., Ali, S., Zhang, H., DiPaola, D., & Breazeal, C. (2021). Developing Middle School Students’ AI Literacy. Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1145/3408877.3432513
Lesmo, L. (1991). ad vocem IA. Grande Dizionario, Appendice V, Torino, UTET.
* Lin, C.-H., Yu, C.-C., Shih, P.-K., & Wu, L. Y. (2021). STEM-based Artificial Intelligence Learning in General Education for Non- Engineering Undergraduate Students. 15.
* Long, D., Jacob, M., & Magerko, B. (2019). Designing Co-Creative AI for Public Spaces. Proceedings of the 2019 on Creativity and Cognition, 271–284. https://doi.org/10.1145/3325480.3325504
Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727
* Marques, L. S., Gresse Von Wangenheim, C., & Hauck, J. C. R. (2020). Teaching Machine Learning in School: A Systematic Mapping of the State of the Art. Informatics in Education, 283–321. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2020.14
McCarthy J (2007) What is Artificial Intelligence. Available from: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html
Mills, K. A. (2010). A Review of the ''Digital Turn'' in the New Literacy Studies. Review of Educational Research, 80(2), 246–271.
Mökander, J., Sheth, M., Watson, D. S. & Floridi, L. (2022). Models for Classifying AI Systems: the Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix. In 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT’22), June 21–24, 2022, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ACM, New York, NY, USA https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533162
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G. & The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(7): e1000097.
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2021). Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041
Ong, W. (1982). Oralità e scrittura. Le tecnologie della parola. Bologna: il Mulino.
Ranieri, M. (2018). Competenze digitali. In C. Tino & D. Frison (a cura di), Employability skills. Riflessioni e strategie per la scuola secondaria. Milano-Torino: Pearson Academy.
Ranieri, Maria (2019). Literacy, Technology, and Media. In: Renee Hobbs and Paul Mihailidis (Editors-in-Chief), Gianna Cappello, Maria Ranieri, and Benjamin Thevenin (Associate Editors). The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy, pp. 1-12, Hoboken, NJ: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., ISBN:9781118978245.
Riguzzi, F. (2006). Introduzione all’intelligenza artificiale. «Terre di confine», anno 2, n.1, gennaio.
* Robinson, S. C. (2020). Trust, transparency, and openness: How inclusion of cultural values shapes Nordic national public policy strategies for artificial intelligence (AI). Technology in Society, 63, 101421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101421
Rodríguez-García, J. D., Moreno-León, J., Román-González, M., & Robles, G. (2020). Introducing Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals with LearningML: Artificial Intelligence made easy. Eighth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality, 18–20. https://doi.org/10.1145/3434780.3436705
Rivoltella, P. C. (2017). Tecnologie di comunità (pp. 5-112). ELS La Scuola.
Sabouret, N. (2020). Understanding artificial intelligence. CRC Press.
Searle, John. R. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (3).
Sefton-Green, J. (2007). Literature review of informal learning with technology outside school. Bristol, UK: Futurelab.
Selwyn, N. (2004). Reconsidering Political and Popular Understandings of the Digital Divide. New Media & Society - NEW MEDIA SOC. 6. 341-362. 10.1177/1461444804042519.
Steinbauer, G., Kandlhofer, M., Chklovski, T., Heintz, F., & Koenig, S. (2021). A Differentiated Discussion About AI Education K-12. KI - Künstliche Intelligenz, 35(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00724-8
Strauß, S. (2021b). “Don’t let me be misunderstood”: Critical AI literacy for the constructive use of AI technology. TATuP - Zeitschrift Für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie Und Praxis, 30(3), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.14512/tatup.30.3.44
Street, B. (2003). What’s “new” in New Literacy Studies? Critical approaches to literacy in theory and practice. Current issues in comparative education, 5(2), 77-91.
* Su, J., & Zhong, Y. (2022). Artificial Intelligence (AI) in early childhood education: Curriculum design and future directions. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100072
* Su, J., Zhong, Y., & Ng, D. T. K. (2022). A meta-review of literature on educational approaches for teaching AI at the K-12 levels in the Asia-Pacific region. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100065
* Tahiru, F. (2021). AI in Education: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Cases on Information Technology, 23, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4018/JCIT.2021010101
Touretzky, D., Gardner-McCune, C., Martin, F., & Seehorn, D. (2019). Envisioning AI for K-12: What Should Every Child Know about AI? Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 33, 9795–9799. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019795
Van Eck, N.J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523-538.
Van Eck, N.J., & Waltman, L. (2007). VOS: a new method for visualizing similarities between objects. In H.-J. Lenz, & R. Decker (Eds.), Advances in Data Analysis: Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (pp. 299-306). Springer
* Vazhayil, A., Shetty, R., Bhavani, R. R., & Akshay, N. (2019). Focusing on Teacher Education to Introduce AI in Schools: Perspectives and Illustrative Findings. 2019 IEEE Tenth International Conference on Technology for Education (T4E), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1109/T4E.2019.00021
* Wan, X., Zhou, X., Ye, Z., Mortensen, C. K., & Bai, Z. (2020). SmileyCluster: Supporting accessible machine learning in K-12 scientific discovery. Proceedings of the Interaction Design and Children Conference, 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3392063.3394440
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