Published 2021-09-07
Keywords
- endemism,
- Salacia,
- taxonomy,
- distribution,
- Western Ghats
- India ...More
How to Cite
Nandikar, M. D. (2021). The genus Salacia (Celastraceae: Salaciodeae) in peninsular India. Webbia, 76(2), 167–193. https://doi.org/10.36253/jopt-10390
Abstract
The genus Salacia (Celastraceae: Salaciodeae) in peninsular India is revised, wherein ten species are recognised. Eight species are endemic to the region. Salacia macrophylla and S. reticulata are excluded from the revision as occurrence of both the species is doubtful in mainland India. Salacia macrosperma exhibits great variation in leaf shape, flower number, pedicel length and fruit texture, hence the morphologically similar species S. beddomei and S. vellaniana are relegated to its synonymy. Descriptions, photographs, and pen and ink as well as colour drawings of all recognised Salacia species are provided with an artificial key, updated nomenclature, and synonymy. Distribution and IUCN Red list categories and criteria are also discussed. Seven binomials, S. fruticosa, S. macrophylla, S. macrosperma, S. oblonga, S. ovalis, Tontelea prinoides and Johnia coromadeliana are lectotypified.
References
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Blume CL. 1825. Hippocrateaceae: Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie. 5: 220–221. Batavia: Ter Lands Drukkeji.
Coughenour JM, Simmons MP, Lombardi JA, Cappa JJ. 2010. Phylogeny of Celastraceae subfamily Salacioideae and tribe Lophopetaleae inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes. Systematic Botany 35: 358–366.
Coughenour JM, Simmons MP, Lombardi JA, Yakobson K, Archer RH. 2011. Phylogeny of Celastraceae subfamily Hippocrateoideae inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: 320–330.
Dalzell NA, Gibson A. 1861. The Bombay Flora. Bombay: Education Society's Press; 33 p.
Dandy JE. 1969 Nomina Conservanda Proposita: (275) 4662. Salacia Linnaeus. Taxon 18: 468.
Ding Hou. 1963. Florae Malesianae precursors XXXIV. Notes on some genera of Celastraceae in Malaysia. Blumea 12: 31–38.
Ding Hou. 1964. Celastraceae. In: Steenis CGGJV, editor Flora Malesiana. 6(3): 389−421. Leiden.
Forman L, Bridson D. 1992. The Herbarium Handbook. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; p. 40−63.
Gamble JS. 1916. Decades Kewensis: Plantarum Novarum in Herbario Horth Regii. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 5: 131−136.
Gamble JS. 1918. Flora of the Presidency of Madras. 1(2): 214−215. Adlard and Sons Ltd., London.
Hallé N. 1962. Monographie des hippocrateacae d’Afrigue Occidentale [Monograph of the Hippocrateaceae of West Africa]. Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire 64: 151.
Hedin JPT. 1999. Systematic studies of the Neotropical species of Salacia L. (Hippocrateaceae) and its relatives. [Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis], Washington University, Saint Louis.
Jadhav DC, Prabhugaonkar, AV, Nandikar MD. 2016. Nomenclature notes on the genus Salacia L. (Celastraceae) in India. Phytotaxa, 265 (2): 121–130.
Kamat SG, Vasudeva R, Patil CG. 2020. Taxonomic identity, occurrence of six species of Salacia and first report on chromosome numbers of the Salacia chinensis L. and Salacia oblonga Wall. ex Wight & Arn. from Western Ghats of Karnataka (India). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 67: 241–255.
Kurz S. 1872. New Barmese Plants. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 41(2): 291–317.
Kurz S. 1875. Descriptions of new Indian Plants. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 44 (2): 203.
Lakshminarasimhan P, Srivastava SK. 1993. Salacia korthalsiana Miq. (Celastraceae): an addition to the Indian Flora from Nicobar Islands. Indian Journal of Forestry 116(1): 77–78.
Lakshminarasimhan P, Ray LN. 1994. Salacia tortuosa Griff. (Celastraceae) - An extended distribution from Andaman Islands, India. Indian Forester 120: 66–68.
Lawson MA. 1875. Celastraceae. In: Hooker JD, editor The Flora of British India. 1: 625−629. L.Reeve & Co., London.
Lombardi, JA. 2014. Celastraceae (Hippocrateoideae e Salacioideae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 114: 1–240.
Londhe AN. 2000. Celastraceae. In: Singh NP, Karthikeyan S, editors Flora of Maharashtra State (Dicotyledones). 1: 527–529. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.
Mabberley DJ. 2017. The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the vascular plants. 4th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 817.
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Mishra DK & Singh NP. 2001. Endemic and Threatened Flowering Plants of Maharashtra. Dehradun: Botanical Survey of India; p. 76.
Moat J. 2007. Conservation assessment tools extension for Arc View 3.x, version 1.2. GIS Unit, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/gis/cats
Nicolson DH, Suresh CR. 1986. (813) Proposal to Conserve Salacia against Courondi (Hippocrateaceae). Taxon 35(1): 181–182.
Patwardhan A, Pimputkar M, Joshi R. 2014. Evaluation of anti-diabetic property of extracts of different plant parts of Salacia chinensis Linn. Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development 1: 107. DOI: 10.4172/ijbbd.1000107
Pelser PB, Barcelona, JF, Nickrent DL, editors. 2016 onwards. Celastraceae. Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines. Available from https://www.philippineplants.org/Families/Celastraceae.html
Purkayastha CS. 1938. Four New Species from Assam. Indian Forester 64 (5): 277−278.
Rajasekar C, Silambarasan R, Kottaimuthu R. 2018. Salacia agasthiamalana Udayan, Yohannan & Pradeep (Celastraceae: Salacioideae): A new record for Tamil Nadu, India. NeBio 9(3): 245–248.
Ramamurthy K, Naithani BC. 2000. Salacia. In: Singh NP, Vohra JN, Hajara PK, Singh DK., editors, Flora of India. 5: 150−162, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
Rheede HA van, 1683. Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 4: 103−104, t. 50. Amsterdam.
Robson NKB. 1965. New and little-known species from the Flora Zambesiaca area XVI. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Celastraceae. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 39 (2.ser.): 5−55.
Robson NKB, Hallé N, Mathew B, Blakelock R. 1994. Celastraceae. In: Polhill RM, editor Flora of Tropical East Africa. Rotterdam: AA Balkema; p. 1−43.
Roxburgh W. 1820 Flora Indica or Description of Indian Plants. 1: 173, Mission Press, Serampore.
Sasidharan N, Anaz KM. 2015 Note on the identity of Salacia vellaniana Udayan, Yohannan & Pradeep (Celastraceae). International Journal of Advanced Research 3 (4): 386−389.
Shareef SM, Kumar ESS. 2013. Taxonomic note on Salacia brunoniana Wight & Arn. (Celastraceae): An endangered species of the peninsular India, Indian Journal of Forestry 36(2): 273–276.
Simmons MP. 2004. Celastraceae. In: Kubitzki K. editor, The families & genera of vascular plants. 6: 29−64, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Simmons MP, Savolainen V, Clevinger CC, Archer RH, Davis JI. 2001. Phylogeny of the Celastraceae inferred from 26S Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, Phytochrome B, rbcL, atpB, and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19(3): 353–366.
Smith AC. 1940. The American species of Hippocrateaceae. Brittonia 3: 341–555.
Sujana KA, Nagaraju S, Narayana, MKR, Kumar NA. 2015. A new species of Salacia (Celastraceae) from India. Taiwania 60 (2): 91−94.
Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber WH, Li DZ, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF, editors. 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books.
Udayan PS, Pradeep AK. 2012. Notes on the occurrence of Salacia reticulata (Hippocrateceae) in India. Acta Botanica Hungarica 54(3–4): 433–441.
Udayan PS, Raghu AV, Sreekumar VB, Muraleedaran EM. 2014. A new variety of Salacia (Celastraceae) from the Western Ghats of Kerala, South India. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences 4 (3): 100–102.
Udayan PS, Yohannan R, Devipriya MS, Devipriya V, Pradeep AK. 2012. A new species of Salacia (Hippocrateaceae) from South India. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 69 (2): 1−4.
Udayan PS, Yohannan R, Devipriya MS, Devipriya V, Pradeep AK. 2013. Salacia vellaniana Udayan, Yohannan, Pradeep (Celastraceae), a new species from India. Candollea 68 (1): 147−149.
Ved D, Saha D, Ravikumar K, Haridasan K. 2015. Salacia oblonga. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T50126639A50131425. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T50126639A50131425.en. Downloaded on 13 November 2019.
Wight R, Arnott GAW. 1834. Hippocrateaceae. Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis. 1: 103−106, Parbury, Allen & Co., London.
Wight R. 1838. Illustrations of Indian Botany. 1(7): 134, Pharoah JB, Madras.
Wight R. 1840. Hippocrateaceae. Illustration of Indian Botany. 1: 132−134, Pharoah JB, Madras.
Wight R. 1845. Icones Platarum Indiae Orientalis. 3: 3, t. 962, Frank & Co. & Ostell, Lepage & Co., Madras.
Yoshikawa M, Toshiyuki M. Hiromi S. Hisashi M. Johji Y. Genzou T. Osamu M. 1997. Salacinol, potent antidiabetic principle with unique thiosugar sulfonium sulfate structure from the Ayurvedic traditional medicine Salacia reticulata in Sri Lanka and India. Tetrahedron Letters, 38(48): 8367–8370.
Almeida MR. 1996. Flora of Maharashtra. Vol. 1. Blatter Herbarium, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai: p. 247.
Almeida SM. 1990. Flora of Savantwadi. Vol. 1. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers; p.
Bentham G, Hooker JD. 1862. Genera Plantarum. 1(1): 357–360. London.
Blume CL. 1825. Hippocrateaceae: Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie. 5: 220–221. Batavia: Ter Lands Drukkeji.
Coughenour JM, Simmons MP, Lombardi JA, Cappa JJ. 2010. Phylogeny of Celastraceae subfamily Salacioideae and tribe Lophopetaleae inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes. Systematic Botany 35: 358–366.
Coughenour JM, Simmons MP, Lombardi JA, Yakobson K, Archer RH. 2011. Phylogeny of Celastraceae subfamily Hippocrateoideae inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: 320–330.
Dalzell NA, Gibson A. 1861. The Bombay Flora. Bombay: Education Society's Press; 33 p.
Dandy JE. 1969 Nomina Conservanda Proposita: (275) 4662. Salacia Linnaeus. Taxon 18: 468.
Ding Hou. 1963. Florae Malesianae precursors XXXIV. Notes on some genera of Celastraceae in Malaysia. Blumea 12: 31–38.
Ding Hou. 1964. Celastraceae. In: Steenis CGGJV, editor Flora Malesiana. 6(3): 389−421. Leiden.
Forman L, Bridson D. 1992. The Herbarium Handbook. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; p. 40−63.
Gamble JS. 1916. Decades Kewensis: Plantarum Novarum in Herbario Horth Regii. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 5: 131−136.
Gamble JS. 1918. Flora of the Presidency of Madras. 1(2): 214−215. Adlard and Sons Ltd., London.
Hallé N. 1962. Monographie des hippocrateacae d’Afrigue Occidentale [Monograph of the Hippocrateaceae of West Africa]. Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire 64: 151.
Hedin JPT. 1999. Systematic studies of the Neotropical species of Salacia L. (Hippocrateaceae) and its relatives. [Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis], Washington University, Saint Louis.
Jadhav DC, Prabhugaonkar, AV, Nandikar MD. 2016. Nomenclature notes on the genus Salacia L. (Celastraceae) in India. Phytotaxa, 265 (2): 121–130.
Kamat SG, Vasudeva R, Patil CG. 2020. Taxonomic identity, occurrence of six species of Salacia and first report on chromosome numbers of the Salacia chinensis L. and Salacia oblonga Wall. ex Wight & Arn. from Western Ghats of Karnataka (India). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 67: 241–255.
Kurz S. 1872. New Barmese Plants. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 41(2): 291–317.
Kurz S. 1875. Descriptions of new Indian Plants. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 44 (2): 203.
Lakshminarasimhan P, Srivastava SK. 1993. Salacia korthalsiana Miq. (Celastraceae): an addition to the Indian Flora from Nicobar Islands. Indian Journal of Forestry 116(1): 77–78.
Lakshminarasimhan P, Ray LN. 1994. Salacia tortuosa Griff. (Celastraceae) - An extended distribution from Andaman Islands, India. Indian Forester 120: 66–68.
Lawson MA. 1875. Celastraceae. In: Hooker JD, editor The Flora of British India. 1: 625−629. L.Reeve & Co., London.
Lombardi, JA. 2014. Celastraceae (Hippocrateoideae e Salacioideae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 114: 1–240.
Londhe AN. 2000. Celastraceae. In: Singh NP, Karthikeyan S, editors Flora of Maharashtra State (Dicotyledones). 1: 527–529. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.
Mabberley DJ. 2017. The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the vascular plants. 4th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 817.
Majid BN, Sampath KKK, Prakash HS, Geetha N. 2016. Rapid mass propagation of Salacia chinensis L. and Endangered, valuable medicinal plant through direct organogenesis. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(4): 1–8.
Mishra DK & Singh NP. 2001. Endemic and Threatened Flowering Plants of Maharashtra. Dehradun: Botanical Survey of India; p. 76.
Moat J. 2007. Conservation assessment tools extension for Arc View 3.x, version 1.2. GIS Unit, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/gis/cats
Nicolson DH, Suresh CR. 1986. (813) Proposal to Conserve Salacia against Courondi (Hippocrateaceae). Taxon 35(1): 181–182.
Patwardhan A, Pimputkar M, Joshi R. 2014. Evaluation of anti-diabetic property of extracts of different plant parts of Salacia chinensis Linn. Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development 1: 107. DOI: 10.4172/ijbbd.1000107
Pelser PB, Barcelona, JF, Nickrent DL, editors. 2016 onwards. Celastraceae. Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines. Available from https://www.philippineplants.org/Families/Celastraceae.html
Purkayastha CS. 1938. Four New Species from Assam. Indian Forester 64 (5): 277−278.
Rajasekar C, Silambarasan R, Kottaimuthu R. 2018. Salacia agasthiamalana Udayan, Yohannan & Pradeep (Celastraceae: Salacioideae): A new record for Tamil Nadu, India. NeBio 9(3): 245–248.
Ramamurthy K, Naithani BC. 2000. Salacia. In: Singh NP, Vohra JN, Hajara PK, Singh DK., editors, Flora of India. 5: 150−162, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
Rheede HA van, 1683. Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 4: 103−104, t. 50. Amsterdam.
Robson NKB. 1965. New and little-known species from the Flora Zambesiaca area XVI. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Celastraceae. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 39 (2.ser.): 5−55.
Robson NKB, Hallé N, Mathew B, Blakelock R. 1994. Celastraceae. In: Polhill RM, editor Flora of Tropical East Africa. Rotterdam: AA Balkema; p. 1−43.
Roxburgh W. 1820 Flora Indica or Description of Indian Plants. 1: 173, Mission Press, Serampore.
Sasidharan N, Anaz KM. 2015 Note on the identity of Salacia vellaniana Udayan, Yohannan & Pradeep (Celastraceae). International Journal of Advanced Research 3 (4): 386−389.
Shareef SM, Kumar ESS. 2013. Taxonomic note on Salacia brunoniana Wight & Arn. (Celastraceae): An endangered species of the peninsular India, Indian Journal of Forestry 36(2): 273–276.
Simmons MP. 2004. Celastraceae. In: Kubitzki K. editor, The families & genera of vascular plants. 6: 29−64, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Simmons MP, Savolainen V, Clevinger CC, Archer RH, Davis JI. 2001. Phylogeny of the Celastraceae inferred from 26S Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, Phytochrome B, rbcL, atpB, and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19(3): 353–366.
Smith AC. 1940. The American species of Hippocrateaceae. Brittonia 3: 341–555.
Sujana KA, Nagaraju S, Narayana, MKR, Kumar NA. 2015. A new species of Salacia (Celastraceae) from India. Taiwania 60 (2): 91−94.
Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber WH, Li DZ, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF, editors. 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books.
Udayan PS, Pradeep AK. 2012. Notes on the occurrence of Salacia reticulata (Hippocrateceae) in India. Acta Botanica Hungarica 54(3–4): 433–441.
Udayan PS, Raghu AV, Sreekumar VB, Muraleedaran EM. 2014. A new variety of Salacia (Celastraceae) from the Western Ghats of Kerala, South India. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences 4 (3): 100–102.
Udayan PS, Yohannan R, Devipriya MS, Devipriya V, Pradeep AK. 2012. A new species of Salacia (Hippocrateaceae) from South India. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 69 (2): 1−4.
Udayan PS, Yohannan R, Devipriya MS, Devipriya V, Pradeep AK. 2013. Salacia vellaniana Udayan, Yohannan, Pradeep (Celastraceae), a new species from India. Candollea 68 (1): 147−149.
Ved D, Saha D, Ravikumar K, Haridasan K. 2015. Salacia oblonga. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T50126639A50131425. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T50126639A50131425.en. Downloaded on 13 November 2019.
Wight R, Arnott GAW. 1834. Hippocrateaceae. Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis. 1: 103−106, Parbury, Allen & Co., London.
Wight R. 1838. Illustrations of Indian Botany. 1(7): 134, Pharoah JB, Madras.
Wight R. 1840. Hippocrateaceae. Illustration of Indian Botany. 1: 132−134, Pharoah JB, Madras.
Wight R. 1845. Icones Platarum Indiae Orientalis. 3: 3, t. 962, Frank & Co. & Ostell, Lepage & Co., Madras.
Yoshikawa M, Toshiyuki M. Hiromi S. Hisashi M. Johji Y. Genzou T. Osamu M. 1997. Salacinol, potent antidiabetic principle with unique thiosugar sulfonium sulfate structure from the Ayurvedic traditional medicine Salacia reticulata in Sri Lanka and India. Tetrahedron Letters, 38(48): 8367–8370.