Original Research Article
Published 2022-09-27
Keywords
- Brazil,
- consumer behavior,
- purchasing decision,
- gender
How to Cite
de Oliveira Dornelles, M., Silva Farias, C. V., & Sabbado Flores, S. (2022). What do women like? A quantitative study of the female behavior of sparkling wines consumers. Wine Economics and Policy, 11(2), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.36253/wep-10416
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the purchase process of the sparkling wines female consumers, in order to understand the variables that influence the purchase process of this product. The consumer behavior in the purchase decision process is one important topic of the marketing studies, to the extent that it helps to explain how decisions are made and what elements determine them, it can support strategic marketing decisions. The importance of gender segmentation has been highlighted in several studies; in addition, women have made most purchases and their influence in purchase decision has been highlighted. This study uses data from a survey carried out on a representative sample of 1,003 female consumers from Brazil. It was used a five levels Likert scale; Independent tests and correspondence analyses were performed. The study could identify the five main factors influencing the choice. Also, the results contribute to elucidate points such as confidence to choose and consumption occasions and contexts.
References
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Atkin, T., Nowak, L. and Garcia, R. (2007), “Women wine consumers: information search and retailing implications”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/17511060710837454/full/html
Auter, Z. (2016), “Beer reigns as Americans’ preferred alcoholic beverage”, The Financial, Vol. 18, p. 2019. Available at: https://finchannel.com/society/59167-beer-reigns-as-americans-preferred-alcoholic-beverage
Bakshi, S. (2012), “Impact of gender on consumer purchase behaviour”, Journal of Research in Commerce and Management, Vol. 1 No. 9, pp. 1–8.
Barber, N., Almanza, B.A. and Donovan, J.R. (2006), “Motivational factors of gender, income and age on selecting a bottle of wine”, International Journal of wine marketing, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09547540610704774/full/html
Barletta, M. (2003), Marketing to women: How to understand, reach, and increase your share of the world’s largest market segment, Dearborn Trade Publishing.
Blackwell, R.D., Miniard, P.W. and Engel, J.F. (2006), Consumer behavior, South-Western Pub.
Bretzke, M. (2003), “Comportamento do cliente”, Gestão de Marketing. São Paulo: Saraiva, pp. 38–94.
Brown, A. and Deaton, A. (1972), “Surveys in applied economics: models of consumer behaviour”, The Economic Journal, Oxford University Press Oxford, UK, Vol. 82 No. 328, pp. 1145–1236. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2231303?seq=1
Brown, S.W., El-Ansary, A.I. and Darsey, N. (1976), “The portrayal of women in advertising: An overlooked area of societal marketing”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 577–583. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02729770
Bruwer, J., Lesschaeve, I. and Campbell, B.L. (2012), “Consumption dynamics and demographics of Canadian wine consumers: Retailing insights from the tasting room channel”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 45–58. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0969698911000932
Bruwer, J., Saliba, A. and Miller, B. (2011), “Consumer behaviour and sensory preference differences: implications for wine product marketing”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2224384
Caterall, M.A. and Maclaran, P.B. (2001), “Gender perspectives in consumer behaviour: an overview and future directions”, The Marketing Review, Westburn Publishers Ltd, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 405–425.
Dennis, C., Merrilees, B., Jayawardhena, C. and Wright, L.T. (2009), “E‐consumer behaviour”, European journal of Marketing, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03090560910976393/full/html
Doucé, L., Janssens, W., Leroi‐Werelds, S. and Streukens, S. (2016), “What to diffuse in a gender‐specific store? The effect of male and female perfumes on customer value and behaviour”, Journal of Consumer Behaviour, Wiley Online Library, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 271–280.
Ehrenberg, A.S.C., Goodhardt, G.J. and Barwise, T.P. (1990), “Double jeopardy revisited”, Journal of marketing, SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, Vol. 54 No. 3, pp. 82–91. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1251818
Engel, J.F., Kollat, D.T. and Miniard, P.W. (1990), Consumer behavior, Dryden Press, New York, 6th ed.
Farías, P. and Fistrovic, B. (2016), “Las preferencias del consumidor usando el método de máximas diferencias”, Revista de Administração de Empresas, SciELO Brasil, Vol. 56 No. 2, pp. 138–151. Available at: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0034-75902016000200138&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=es
Ferreira, C., Lourenço-Gomes, L., Pinto, L.M.C. and Silva, A.P. (2019), “Is there a gender effect on wine choice in Portugal?–A qualitative approach”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, Emerald Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJWBR-08-2018-0040/full/html
Forbes, S.L. (2012), “The influence of gender on wine purchasing and consumption”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 146–159. Available at: The influence of gender on wine purchasing and consumption
Fountain, J.M. and Fish, N. (2010), “‘It’s a happy drink’: Australasian Generation Y’s experiences and perception of sparkling wine”, Academy of Wine Business Research.
Fuhrman, B., Volkova, N., Suraski, A. and Aviram, M. (2001), “White wine with red wine-like properties: increased extraction of grape skin polyphenols improves the antioxidant capacity of the derived white wine”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, ACS Publications, Vol. 49 No. 7, pp. 3164–3168. Available at: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf001378j?casa_token=VUxhLGgSxYEAAAAA%3AAaDqRJ1Rfb3XpgC25EY0k8EqKi470jmfaqxFR9sDhu3z6_tclVojR9dGEdLoFmeOm8ti07nRT0Xb2H32&
Gómez Moya, J. (2004), “Algunas reflexiones sobre el alcoholismo femenino”. En: Cuadernos de Trabajo Social, vol. 17, p. 83-98
Hoffman, C.A. (2004), “When consumers buy wine, what factors decide the final purchase”, Wine Industry Journal, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 82–91.
Ibravin/ MAPA / SEAPDR-RS. (2020), Comercialização de vinhos - Empresas do RS, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil.
Ibravin (Instituto Brasileiro do Vinho). (2008), Estudo do mercado brasileiro de vinhos tranquilos e vinhos espumantes, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil, available at: https://www.ibravin.org.br/downloads/1402931249.pdf.
Ibravin (Instituto Brasileiro do Vinho). (2020), “O Brasil vitivinícola: panorama geral”, available at: https://www.ibravin.org.br/Panorama-Geral (accessed 12 March 2020).
Ibravin / MAPA / SEAPDR-RS. (2020a), Comercialização de espumantes - Empresas do RS, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil.
Ibravin / MAPA / SEAPDR-RS. (2020b), Importações brasileiras de vinhos e espumantes, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil, available at: https://www.ibravin.org.br/admin/arquivos/estatisticas/1561753593.pdf.
Johnson, R. and Bruwer, J. (2007), “Regional brand image and perceived wine quality: the consumer perspective”, International Journal of Wine Business Research. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/17511060710837427/full/html
Laurent, G. and Kapferer, J.-N. (1985), “Measuring consumer involvement profiles”, Journal of marketing research, SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 41–53. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002224378502200104
Low, S. (2001), “One for the ladies”, Wine International, Vol. 1, p. E7.
Matias, S.J. (2015), “Estudo exploratório sobre o comportamento das mulheres no mercado dos vinhos”, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. Available at: https://www.repository.utl.pt/handle/10400.5/8730
Miller, B. and Bruwer, J. (2006), “Exploring gender differences in sensory preferences in wine”, Aust. NZ Grapegr. Winemaker, Vol. 515, pp. 66–69. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Johan_Bruwer/publication/313402457_Exploring_gender_differences_in_sensory_preferences_in_wine/links/58ac2a89aca27206d9bf9455/Exploring-gender-differences-in-sensory-preferences-in-wine.pdf
OIV. (2020), “Country profile”, available at: http://www.oiv.int/en/statistiques/?year=2016&countryCode=BRA (accessed 12 March 2020).
Olsen, J.E., Thompson, K.J. and Clarke, T.K. (2003), “Consumer self‐confidence in wine purchases”, International Journal of Wine Marketing, MCB UP Ltd. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb008762/full/html
Pascual-Miguel, F.J., Agudo-Peregrina, Á.F. and Chaparro-Peláez, J. (2015), “Influences of gender and product type on online purchasing”, Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, Vol. 68 No. 7, pp. 1550–1556. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296315000648?casa_token=9ae2fG-LvbwAAAAA:C5rHfpYlybY_Hzz22nWzehlM_KHK8ekG0Q1zWhCRp9iqKBDcEabAtRS8IB8RU6EDkn-maGEtICY
Peters, E.J. (1998), “Subversive spaces: First Nations women and the city”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England, Vol. 16 No. 6, pp. 665–685. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/d160665
Quester, P.G. and Smart, J. (1996), “Product involvement in consumer wine purchases: Its demographic determinants and influence on choice attributes”, International journal of wine marketing, MCB UP Ltd. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb008661/full/html
Ritchie, C. (2007), “Beyond drinking: the role of wine in the life of the UK consumer”, International Journal of Consumer Studies, Wiley Online Library, Vol. 31 No. 5, pp. 534–540. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2007.00610.x?casa_token=qp4IEowij_IAAAAA%3AgMYxB6BFYmLQivOXi51NYMmUAKSsQlKSc_tfRa3l7t64aR6tIW2GiWqpK_fHSUJcEv7bafagcocwl8ud
Ritchie, C. (2009), “The culture of wine buying in the UK off‐trade”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/17511060910985944/full/html
Ritchie, C. and Valentin, D. (2011), “A comparison of wine drinking behaviours in young adults in the UK and France”, 6th Academy of Wine Business Research International Conference (AWBR), Bordeaux, pp. 9–11.
Rodríguez-Donate, M.C., Romero-Rodríguez, M.E., Cano-Fernández, V.J. and Guirao-Pérez, G. (2019), “Gender and wine consumption: sociodemographic profiles”, British Food Journal, Emerald Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/BFJ-02-2019-0128/full/html?casa_token=aM26IHRhdukAAAAA:hOJEZEvRJUkGQlCoz2r-VqcdD73yDB0ulj132kSySXwUUYV1WaEXY34h-Ak95M531_d4E-ST7OuPkRckEcMHA4y3J6sbTlghRMlZrYzRUsv2aXc5nV5r
Rodriguez, M. C. (2005), "Three options are optimal for multiple-choice items: A meta-analysis of 80 years of research." Educational measurement: issues and practice, 24(2), 3-13. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-3992.2005.00006.x?casa_token=ffbUMy6Y2gIAAAAA:aRuv8qqYlwQCKb8rPrEPPWpcImNVIomtA9z6qWuXZy3gBYYIcMutg0kKYW70Pg6oLS8obR3Ut4Nzwb9R
Sanches, C.M.P. (2013), “Comportamentos de Consumo de Vinho: Envolvimento, Estilos de Vida, Risco e Atributos. 2013. 101f”, Dissertação (Mestrado em Comunicação e Marketing)–Instituto Superior . Available at: https://repositorio.ipv.pt/handle/10400.19/1815
Santos, L.A. and Gonçalves, B. (2009), “Espumante brasileiro: algumas razões para O aumento do seu consumo e o seu potencial na divulgação do setor enológico”, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves.
Sbrocco, L. (2003), “Marketing wine to women: what companies are doing to reach the majority of America’s wine consumers”, Wine Business Monthly, Vol. 15.
Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R. and Previte, J. (2012), Consumer behaviour, Pearson Higher Education AU.
Velikova, N., Dodd, T.H. and Wilcox, J.B. (2013), “Meat is male; Champagne is female; Cheese is unisex: An examination of perceived gender images of wine”, 7th Academy of Wine Business Research International Conference (AWBR), St Catherines, Ontario, pp. 12–15.
Acosta, A.G. (2017), “Análise sobre os atributos que influenciam a decisão de compra de vinho do consumidor Porto Alegrense”. Available at: https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/169930
Atkin, T., Nowak, L. and Garcia, R. (2007), “Women wine consumers: information search and retailing implications”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/17511060710837454/full/html
Auter, Z. (2016), “Beer reigns as Americans’ preferred alcoholic beverage”, The Financial, Vol. 18, p. 2019. Available at: https://finchannel.com/society/59167-beer-reigns-as-americans-preferred-alcoholic-beverage
Bakshi, S. (2012), “Impact of gender on consumer purchase behaviour”, Journal of Research in Commerce and Management, Vol. 1 No. 9, pp. 1–8.
Barber, N., Almanza, B.A. and Donovan, J.R. (2006), “Motivational factors of gender, income and age on selecting a bottle of wine”, International Journal of wine marketing, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09547540610704774/full/html
Barletta, M. (2003), Marketing to women: How to understand, reach, and increase your share of the world’s largest market segment, Dearborn Trade Publishing.
Blackwell, R.D., Miniard, P.W. and Engel, J.F. (2006), Consumer behavior, South-Western Pub.
Bretzke, M. (2003), “Comportamento do cliente”, Gestão de Marketing. São Paulo: Saraiva, pp. 38–94.
Brown, A. and Deaton, A. (1972), “Surveys in applied economics: models of consumer behaviour”, The Economic Journal, Oxford University Press Oxford, UK, Vol. 82 No. 328, pp. 1145–1236. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2231303?seq=1
Brown, S.W., El-Ansary, A.I. and Darsey, N. (1976), “The portrayal of women in advertising: An overlooked area of societal marketing”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 577–583. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02729770
Bruwer, J., Lesschaeve, I. and Campbell, B.L. (2012), “Consumption dynamics and demographics of Canadian wine consumers: Retailing insights from the tasting room channel”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 45–58. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0969698911000932
Bruwer, J., Saliba, A. and Miller, B. (2011), “Consumer behaviour and sensory preference differences: implications for wine product marketing”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2224384
Caterall, M.A. and Maclaran, P.B. (2001), “Gender perspectives in consumer behaviour: an overview and future directions”, The Marketing Review, Westburn Publishers Ltd, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 405–425.
Dennis, C., Merrilees, B., Jayawardhena, C. and Wright, L.T. (2009), “E‐consumer behaviour”, European journal of Marketing, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03090560910976393/full/html
Doucé, L., Janssens, W., Leroi‐Werelds, S. and Streukens, S. (2016), “What to diffuse in a gender‐specific store? The effect of male and female perfumes on customer value and behaviour”, Journal of Consumer Behaviour, Wiley Online Library, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 271–280.
Ehrenberg, A.S.C., Goodhardt, G.J. and Barwise, T.P. (1990), “Double jeopardy revisited”, Journal of marketing, SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, Vol. 54 No. 3, pp. 82–91. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1251818
Engel, J.F., Kollat, D.T. and Miniard, P.W. (1990), Consumer behavior, Dryden Press, New York, 6th ed.
Farías, P. and Fistrovic, B. (2016), “Las preferencias del consumidor usando el método de máximas diferencias”, Revista de Administração de Empresas, SciELO Brasil, Vol. 56 No. 2, pp. 138–151. Available at: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0034-75902016000200138&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=es
Ferreira, C., Lourenço-Gomes, L., Pinto, L.M.C. and Silva, A.P. (2019), “Is there a gender effect on wine choice in Portugal?–A qualitative approach”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, Emerald Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJWBR-08-2018-0040/full/html
Forbes, S.L. (2012), “The influence of gender on wine purchasing and consumption”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 146–159. Available at: The influence of gender on wine purchasing and consumption
Fountain, J.M. and Fish, N. (2010), “‘It’s a happy drink’: Australasian Generation Y’s experiences and perception of sparkling wine”, Academy of Wine Business Research.
Fuhrman, B., Volkova, N., Suraski, A. and Aviram, M. (2001), “White wine with red wine-like properties: increased extraction of grape skin polyphenols improves the antioxidant capacity of the derived white wine”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, ACS Publications, Vol. 49 No. 7, pp. 3164–3168. Available at: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf001378j?casa_token=VUxhLGgSxYEAAAAA%3AAaDqRJ1Rfb3XpgC25EY0k8EqKi470jmfaqxFR9sDhu3z6_tclVojR9dGEdLoFmeOm8ti07nRT0Xb2H32&
Gómez Moya, J. (2004), “Algunas reflexiones sobre el alcoholismo femenino”. En: Cuadernos de Trabajo Social, vol. 17, p. 83-98
Hoffman, C.A. (2004), “When consumers buy wine, what factors decide the final purchase”, Wine Industry Journal, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 82–91.
Ibravin/ MAPA / SEAPDR-RS. (2020), Comercialização de vinhos - Empresas do RS, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil.
Ibravin (Instituto Brasileiro do Vinho). (2008), Estudo do mercado brasileiro de vinhos tranquilos e vinhos espumantes, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil, available at: https://www.ibravin.org.br/downloads/1402931249.pdf.
Ibravin (Instituto Brasileiro do Vinho). (2020), “O Brasil vitivinícola: panorama geral”, available at: https://www.ibravin.org.br/Panorama-Geral (accessed 12 March 2020).
Ibravin / MAPA / SEAPDR-RS. (2020a), Comercialização de espumantes - Empresas do RS, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil.
Ibravin / MAPA / SEAPDR-RS. (2020b), Importações brasileiras de vinhos e espumantes, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil, available at: https://www.ibravin.org.br/admin/arquivos/estatisticas/1561753593.pdf.
Johnson, R. and Bruwer, J. (2007), “Regional brand image and perceived wine quality: the consumer perspective”, International Journal of Wine Business Research. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/17511060710837427/full/html
Laurent, G. and Kapferer, J.-N. (1985), “Measuring consumer involvement profiles”, Journal of marketing research, SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 41–53. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002224378502200104
Low, S. (2001), “One for the ladies”, Wine International, Vol. 1, p. E7.
Matias, S.J. (2015), “Estudo exploratório sobre o comportamento das mulheres no mercado dos vinhos”, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. Available at: https://www.repository.utl.pt/handle/10400.5/8730
Miller, B. and Bruwer, J. (2006), “Exploring gender differences in sensory preferences in wine”, Aust. NZ Grapegr. Winemaker, Vol. 515, pp. 66–69. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Johan_Bruwer/publication/313402457_Exploring_gender_differences_in_sensory_preferences_in_wine/links/58ac2a89aca27206d9bf9455/Exploring-gender-differences-in-sensory-preferences-in-wine.pdf
OIV. (2020), “Country profile”, available at: http://www.oiv.int/en/statistiques/?year=2016&countryCode=BRA (accessed 12 March 2020).
Olsen, J.E., Thompson, K.J. and Clarke, T.K. (2003), “Consumer self‐confidence in wine purchases”, International Journal of Wine Marketing, MCB UP Ltd. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb008762/full/html
Pascual-Miguel, F.J., Agudo-Peregrina, Á.F. and Chaparro-Peláez, J. (2015), “Influences of gender and product type on online purchasing”, Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, Vol. 68 No. 7, pp. 1550–1556. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296315000648?casa_token=9ae2fG-LvbwAAAAA:C5rHfpYlybY_Hzz22nWzehlM_KHK8ekG0Q1zWhCRp9iqKBDcEabAtRS8IB8RU6EDkn-maGEtICY
Peters, E.J. (1998), “Subversive spaces: First Nations women and the city”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England, Vol. 16 No. 6, pp. 665–685. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/d160665
Quester, P.G. and Smart, J. (1996), “Product involvement in consumer wine purchases: Its demographic determinants and influence on choice attributes”, International journal of wine marketing, MCB UP Ltd. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb008661/full/html
Ritchie, C. (2007), “Beyond drinking: the role of wine in the life of the UK consumer”, International Journal of Consumer Studies, Wiley Online Library, Vol. 31 No. 5, pp. 534–540. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2007.00610.x?casa_token=qp4IEowij_IAAAAA%3AgMYxB6BFYmLQivOXi51NYMmUAKSsQlKSc_tfRa3l7t64aR6tIW2GiWqpK_fHSUJcEv7bafagcocwl8ud
Ritchie, C. (2009), “The culture of wine buying in the UK off‐trade”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/17511060910985944/full/html
Ritchie, C. and Valentin, D. (2011), “A comparison of wine drinking behaviours in young adults in the UK and France”, 6th Academy of Wine Business Research International Conference (AWBR), Bordeaux, pp. 9–11.
Rodríguez-Donate, M.C., Romero-Rodríguez, M.E., Cano-Fernández, V.J. and Guirao-Pérez, G. (2019), “Gender and wine consumption: sociodemographic profiles”, British Food Journal, Emerald Publishing Limited. Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/BFJ-02-2019-0128/full/html?casa_token=aM26IHRhdukAAAAA:hOJEZEvRJUkGQlCoz2r-VqcdD73yDB0ulj132kSySXwUUYV1WaEXY34h-Ak95M531_d4E-ST7OuPkRckEcMHA4y3J6sbTlghRMlZrYzRUsv2aXc5nV5r
Rodriguez, M. C. (2005), "Three options are optimal for multiple-choice items: A meta-analysis of 80 years of research." Educational measurement: issues and practice, 24(2), 3-13. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-3992.2005.00006.x?casa_token=ffbUMy6Y2gIAAAAA:aRuv8qqYlwQCKb8rPrEPPWpcImNVIomtA9z6qWuXZy3gBYYIcMutg0kKYW70Pg6oLS8obR3Ut4Nzwb9R
Sanches, C.M.P. (2013), “Comportamentos de Consumo de Vinho: Envolvimento, Estilos de Vida, Risco e Atributos. 2013. 101f”, Dissertação (Mestrado em Comunicação e Marketing)–Instituto Superior . Available at: https://repositorio.ipv.pt/handle/10400.19/1815
Santos, L.A. and Gonçalves, B. (2009), “Espumante brasileiro: algumas razões para O aumento do seu consumo e o seu potencial na divulgação do setor enológico”, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves.
Sbrocco, L. (2003), “Marketing wine to women: what companies are doing to reach the majority of America’s wine consumers”, Wine Business Monthly, Vol. 15.
Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R. and Previte, J. (2012), Consumer behaviour, Pearson Higher Education AU.
Velikova, N., Dodd, T.H. and Wilcox, J.B. (2013), “Meat is male; Champagne is female; Cheese is unisex: An examination of perceived gender images of wine”, 7th Academy of Wine Business Research International Conference (AWBR), St Catherines, Ontario, pp. 12–15.