Vol. 28 No. 4 (2014):
Articles

Horticultural Research in Japan. Production of vegetables and ornamentals in hydroponics, constraints and control measures

pdf
  • T. Asao,
  • Md. Asaduzzaman,
  • F. Md. Mondal
T. Asao
Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 2059 Kamihonjo, Matsue, Shimane 690-1102, Japan.
Md. Asaduzzaman
Olericulture Division, Horticulture Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Grazipur 1701, Bangladesh.
F. Md. Mondal
Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 2059 Kamihonjo, Matsue, Shimane 690-1102, Japan.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/ahsc-18406
Categories

Published 2014-12-31

Keywords

  • Activated charcoal,
  • allelochemicals,
  • autotoxicity,
  • control of minerals,
  • human health,
  • hydroponics,
  • plant factory,
  • vegetables and ornamentals
    • ...More
    Less

How to Cite

Asao, T., Asaduzzaman, M., & Mondal, F. M. (2014). Horticultural Research in Japan. Production of vegetables and ornamentals in hydroponics, constraints and control measures. Advances in Horticultural Science, 28(4), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.36253/ahsc-18406

Copyright (c) 2014 T. Asao, Md. Asaduzzaman, F. Md. Mondal

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Abstract

Japan has a very mountainous topography, steep landforms, and varied climate making it less suitable than other countries for growing horticultural crops. However, good crop production technologies make it possible to grow high quality produce in Japan. The major horticultural crops are mainly produced in greenhouses and high tunnels however, a vast majority of greenhouse systems are outdated. Horticultural production practices could be more sustainable through the use of hydroponics in the greenhouse. Commercial hydroponic systems have proved more productive (20-25% higher) than conventional systems of agriculture. A number of research projects have been conducted to better understand production constraints in hydroponics, such as autotoxicity, and to identify suitable cultivars and supplementation techniques. This review discusses greenhouse production techniques for vegetables and ornamentals in hydroponics, as well as constraints and means for sustainable production.

pdf

References

  1. AGONDI R.F., GALLANI M.C., RODRIGUES R.C., CORNELIO M.E., 2011 - Relationship between beliefs regarding a low salt diet in chronic renal failure patients on dialysis. - J. Ren. Nutr., 21: 160-168.
  2. AKEMO M.C., REGNIER E.E., BENNETT M.A., 2000 - Weed suppression in spring-sown rye (Secale cereale), pea (Pisum sativum) cover crop mixes. - Weed Technol., 14: 545-549.
  3. ARAKI H., 2002 - Cultivation of horticulture crops. - Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan 13 February 2010. <http://ocw.hokudai.ac.jp/Course/Faculty/Agriculture/AgricultureIn-Hokkaido/2009/page/materials/AgricultureInHokkaido-2009-Text-03.pdf>.
  4. ASADUZZAMAN M., ASAO T., 2012 - Autotoxicity in beans and their allelochemicals. - Sci. Horticult., 134: 26-31.
  5. ASADUZZAMAN M., KOBAYASHI Y., ISOGAMI K., TOKURA M., TOKUMASA K., ASAO T., 2012 - Growth and yield recovery in strawberry plants under autotoxicity through electrodegradation. - Europ. J. Hort. Sci., 77: 58-67.
  6. ASADUZZAMAN M., KOBAYASHI Y., MONDAL M.F., BAN T., MATSUBARA H., ADACHI F., ASAO T., 2013 a - Growing carrots hydroponically using perlite substrates. - Sci. Horticult., 159: 113-121.
  7. ASADUZZAMAN M., MONDAL M.F., BAN T., ASAO T., 2013 b - Selection of ideal succeeding crops after asparagus, taro and beans replanting filed in seedling growth bioassay. - Allelopathy J., 32(1): 1-22.
  8. ASAO T., ASADUZZAMAN M., MONDAL M.F., TOKURA M., ADACHI F., UENO U., KAWAGUCHI M., YANO S., BAN T., 2013 - Impact of reduced potassium nitrate concentrations in nutrient solution on the growth, yield and fruit quality of melon in hydroponics. - Sci. Horticult., 164: 221-231.
  9. ASAO T., HASEGAWA K., SUEDA Y., TOMITA K., TANIGUCHI K., HOSOKI T., PRAMANIK M.H.R., MATSUI Y., 2003 - Autotoxicity of root exudates from taro. - Sci. Horticult., 97(3-4): 389-396.
  10. ASAO T., KITAZAWA H., BAN T., PRAMANIK M.H.R., 2004 b - Search of autotoxic substances in some leaf vegetables. - J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 73(3): 247-249.
  11. ASAO T., KITAZAWA H., BAN T., PRAMANIK M.H.R., 2008 - Electrodegradation of root exudates to mitigate autotoxicity in hydroponically grown strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants. - HortSci., 43(7): 2034-2038.
  12. ASAO T., KITAZAWA H., MOTOKI S., HASHIMOTO Y., BAN T., 2007 b - Amelioration of autotoxic soil constraints to lettuce and mat-rush growth by activated charcoals. - Environ. Control. Biol., 45(1): 33-38.
  13. ASAO T., KITAZAWA H., TOMITA K., SUYAMA K., YAMAMOTO H., HOSOKI T., PRAMANIK M.H.R., 2004 a - Mitigation of cucumber autotoxicity in hydroponic culture using microbial strain. - Sci. Horticult., 99(3-4): 389-396.
  14. ASAO T., KITAZAWA H., USHIO K., SUEDA Y., BAN T., PRAMANIK M.H.R., 2007 a - Autotoxicity in some ornamentals with the means to overcome it. - HortSci., 42(6): 1346-1350.
  15. ASAO T., KITAZAWA H., WASHIZU K., BAN T., PRAMANIK M.H.R., 2005 - Effect of different nutrient levels on anthocyanin and nitrate-N contents in turnip grown in hydroponics. - J. Appl. Hort., 72(2): 87-89.
  16. ASAO T., OHBA Y., TOMITA K., OHTA K., HOSOKI T., 1999 d - Effects of activated charcoal and dissolved oxygen levels in the hydroponic solution on the growth and yield of cucumber plants. - J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 68(6): 1194-1196.
  17. ASAO T., OHTANI N., SHIMIZU N., UMEYAMA M., OHTA K., HOSOKI T., 1998 b - Possible selection of cucumber cultivars suitable for a closed hydroponics system by the bioassay with cucumber seedlings. - J. Soc. High Technol. Agri., 10(2): 92-95.
  18. ASAO T., PRAMANIK M.H.R., TOMITA K., OHBA Y., OHTA K., HOSOKI T., MATSUI Y., 1999 a - Identification and growth effects of compounds adsorbed on activated charcoal from hydroponic nutrient solutions of cucumber. - Allelopathy J., 6(2): 243-250.
  19. ASAO T., PRAMANIK M.H.R., TOMITA K., OHBA Y., OHTA K., HOSOKI T., MATSUI Y., 1999 c - Influences of phenolics isolated from the nutrient solution nourishing growing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants on fruit yield. - J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 68(4): 847-853.
  20. ASAO T., SHIMIZU N., OHTA K., HOSOKI T., 1999 b - Effect of rootstocks on the extension of harvest period of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown in non-renewal hydroponics. - J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 68(3): 598-602.
  21. ASAO T., TANIGUCHI H., SUYAMA K., YAMAMOTO H., ITOH K., TOMITA K., TANIGUCHI K., HOSOKI T., 2001 b - Reversibility of the action of 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid on cucumber seedlings by strains of soil microorganisms. - J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 70(3): 393-395.
  22. ASAO T., TANIGUCHI K., TOMITA K., HOSOKI T., 2001 a - Species differences in the susceptibility to autotoxicity among leaf vegetables grown in hydroponics. - J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 70(4): 519-521.
  23. ASAO T., TOMITA K., TANIGUCHI K., HOSOKI T., NAKANO H., PRAMANIK M.H.R., MATSUI Y., 2001 c - Effects of 2, 4-dichlorobenzoic acid on the fruit yield of cucumber grown by split-root system hydroponic culture. - J. Soc. High Technol. Agri., 13(1): 59-62.
  24. ASAO T., TOMITA K., TANIGUCHI K., HOSOKI T., PRAMANIK M.H.R., MATSUI Y., 2000 - Effects of activated charcoal supplementation in the nutrient solution on the harvested fruit number of cucumbers grafted on the bloomless rootstock in hydroponics. - J. Soc. High Technol. Agri., 12(1): 61-63.
  25. ASAO T., UMEYAMA M., OHTA K., HOSOKI T., ITO N., UEDA H., 1998 a - Decrease of yield of cucumber by nonrenewal of the nutrient ydroponic solution and its reversal by supplementation of activated charcoal. - J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 67(1): 99-105.
  26. BRITTO D.T., KRONZUCKER H.J., 2008 - Cellular mechanisms of potassium transport in plants. - Physiol. Plant, 133: 637-650.
  27. CALLIS J., 2005 - Auxin action. - Nature, 435: 436-437.
  28. CANTLIFFE D.J., FUNES J., JOVICICH E., PARANJPE A., RODRIGUEZ J., SHAW N., 2003 - Media and containers for greenhouse soilless grown cucumbers, melons, peppers, and strawberries. - Acta Horticulturae, 614: 199-203.
  29. CASPERSEN S., ALSANIUS B.W., SUNDIN P., JENSEN P., 2000 - Bacterial amelioration of ferulic acid toxicity to hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). - Soil Biol. Biochem., 32: 1063-1070.
  30. CHEN L.H., YANG X.M., RAZA W., LI J.H., LIU Y.X., QIU M.H., ZHANG F.G., SHEN Q.R., 2011 - Trichoderma harzianum SQR-T037 rapidly degrades allelochemicals in rhizospheres of continuously cropped cucumbers. - Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 89: 1653-1663.
  31. CHON S.U., CHOI S.K., JUNG S., JANG H.G., PYO B.S., KIM S.M., 2002 - Effects of alfalfa leaf extracts and phenolic allelochemicals on early seedling growth and root morphology of alfalfa and barnyard grass. - Crop Protec., 21(10): 1077-1082.
  32. CHUNG I.M., SEIGLER D., MILLER D.A., KYUNG S.H., 2011 - Autotoxic compounds from fresh alfalfa leaf extracts: Identification and biological activity. - J. Chem. Eecol., 26(1): 315-327.
  33. COMNINELLIS C.H., PULGARIN C., 1991 - Anodic oxidation of phenol for waste water treatment. - J. Appl. Electrochem., 21: 703-708.
  34. EGUCHI T., SUZUKI T., MIYAMOTO H., HAMAKOA M., CHIKUSHI J., YOSHIDA S., KITANO M., 2008 - Relationship between water content of root media and growth of storage root in carrot hydroponics. - Hort. Res. (Japan), 7(Suppl. 2): 533.
  35. FASCELLA G., ZIZZO G.V., 2005 - Effect of growing media on yield and quality of soilless cultivated rose. - Acta Horticulturae, 697: 133-138.
  36. FAUST M., 1965 - Physiology of anthocyanin development in Mclntosh apple - Relationship between protein synthesis and anthocyanin development. - J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 87: 10-19.
  37. FENG Y.J., LI X.Y., 2003 - Electro-catalytic oxidation of phenol on several metal-oxide electrodes in aqueous solution. - Water Res., 37: 2399-2407.
  38. FLESZAR B., PLOSZYNKA J., 1985 - An attempt to define benzene and phenol electrochemical oxidation mechanism. - Electrochimica Acta, 30: 31-42.
  39. FREZZA D., LEÓN A., LOGEGARAY V., CHIESA A., DESIMONE M., DIAZ L., 2005 - Soilless culture technology for high quality lettuce. - Acta Horticulturae, 697: 43-48.
  40. FUJII Y., SHIBUYA T., USAMI Y., 1991 - Allelopathic effect of Mucuna pruriens on the appearance of weeds. - Weed Res. Jpn., 36: 43-49.
  41. FUJITOMI S., UCHIMURA Y., KITAHARA I., SUMIYOSHI T., 1999 - Establishment of techniques for decreasing injury to mat-rush due to continuous cropping. I. Effect of introducing the green manure crop into mat-rush and fallow cropping system. - Bulletin Fukuoka Agri. Res. Cent., 8: 32-35.
  42. FURUYA S., UMEMIYA Y., 2002 - The influence of chemical forms on foliar-applied nitrogen absorption for peach trees. - Acta Horticulturae, 594: 97-103.
  43. HALE M.G., FOY C.L., SHAY F.J., 1971 - Factors affecting root exudation. - Adv. Agron., 23: 89-109.
  44. HALE M.G., MOORE L.D., 1979 - Factors affecting root exudation. II. 1970-1978. - Adv. Agron., 31: 93-124.
  45. HALE M.G., MOORE L.D., GRIFFIN G.J., 1978 - Root exudates and exudation, pp. 163-203. - In: DEMMERGUES Y.R., and S.V. KRUPA (eds.) Interactions between nonpathogenic soil microorganisms and plants. Elsevier Sci. Publishers, New York.
  46. HANNA H.Y., 2009 - Influence of cultivar, growing media and cluster pruning on greenhouse tomato yield and fruit quality. - HortTechnol., 19: 395-399.
  47. HAO Z.P., WANG Q., CHRISTIE P., LI X.L., 2007 - Allelopathic potential of watermelon tissues and root exudates. - Sci. Horticult., 112(3): 315-320.
  48. HARTUNG A.C., NAIR M.G., PUTNUM A.R., 1990 - Isolation and characterization of phytotoxic compounds from asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) roots. - J. Chem. Ecol., 16(5): 1707-1718.
  49. HARTUNG A.C., STEPHENS C.T., 1983 - Effects of allelopathic substances produced by asparagus on incidence and severity of asparagus decline due to fusarium crown rot. - J. Chem. Ecol., 9: 1163-1174.
  50. HATSUDA Y., HAMASAKI T., NISHIMURA S., RENBUTSU M., 1963 - On the phytotoxic substances in pea roots. - Agric. Biol. Chem., 37: 262-264.
  51. HOCHMUTH G.J., HOCHMUTH R.C., 2003 - Keys to successful tomato and cucumber production in perlite media. - Florida Cooper. Ext. Ser. 5, May 2004.
  52. HUBER D.M., ABNEY T.S., 1986 - Soybean allelopathy and subsequent cropping. - J. Agron. Crop Sci., 157: 73-78.
  53. KARABAGHLI-DEGRON C., SOTTA B., BONNET M., GAY G., LE TACON F., 1998 - The auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) inhibits the stimulation of in vitro lateral root formation and the colonization of the tap-root cortex of Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. - New Phytol., 140(4): 723-733.
  54. KATO-NOGUCHI H., 2003 - Isolation and identification of an allelopathic substance in Pisum sativum. - Phytochem., 62: 1141-1144.
  55. KEITT JR. G.W., BAKER R.A., 1966 - Auxin activity of substituted benzoic acid and their effect on poler auxin transport. - Plant Physiol., 41: 1561-1569.
  56. KES P., 2001 - Hyperkalemia: A potentially lethal clinical condition. - Acta Clin. Croat., 40: 215-225.
  57. KITAZAWA H., ASAO T., BAN T., HASHIMOTO Y., HOSOKI T. 2007 - 2,4-D and NAA supplementation mitigates autotoxicity of strawberry in hydroponics. - J. Applied Hort., 9(1): 26-30.
  58. KITAZAWA H., ASAO T., BAN, T., PRAMANIK M.H.R., HOSOKI T., 2005 - Autotoxicity of root exudates from strawberry. - J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol., 80(6): 677-680.
  59. KODA T., OGIWARA S., HIROYASU T., 1977 - Effects of addition of activated charcoal into the nutrient solution on the growth of mitsuba (Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk.) in hydroponics. - J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 46(Suppl. 1): 270-271.
  60. KODA T., OGIWARA S., UDAGAWA Y., HIROYASU T., 1980 - Effects of addition of activated charcoal into the nutrient solution on the growth of mitsuba (Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk.) in hydroponics. 2. Effects of organic acids on the growth of mitsuba and its removal. - J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 49(Suppl. 2): 224-225.
  61. KOSHIKAWA K., YASUDA M., 2003 - Studies on the bench culture with closed hydroponic system in strawberry (Part 1). - J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 72(Suppl. 2): 394.
  62. KUSHIMA M., KAKUTA H., KOSEMURA S., YAMAMURA S., YAMADA S., YOKOTANI-TOMITA K., HASEGAWA K., 1998 - An allelopathic substance exuded from germinating watermelon seeds. - Plant Growth Reg., 25(1): 1-4.
  63. LAKE R.J., FALLOON P.G., COOK D.W.M., 1993 - Replant problem and chemical components of asparagus roots. - N.Z. J. Crop Hort. Sci., 21: 53-58.
  64. LEE J.G., LEE B.Y., LEE H.J., 2006 - Accumulation of phytotoxic organic acids in reused nutrient solution during hydroponic cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). - Sci. Horticult., 110(2): 119-128.
  65. MÄSER P., GIERTH M., SCHROEDER J.I., 2002 - Molecular mechanisms of potassium and sodium uptake in plants. - Plant Soil, 247: 43-54.
  66. MAZHER A.A.M., ZAGHLOUL S.M., MAHMOUD S.A., SIAM H.S., 2011 - Stimulatory effect of kinetin, ascorbic acid and glutamic acid on growth and chemical constituents of Codiaeum variegatum L. plants. - Amer. Eur. J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 10: 318-323.
  67. MENGEL K., 2007 - Potassium, pp. 91-120. - In: BARKER A.V., and D.J. PILBEAM (eds.) Handbook of Plant Nutrition. 1st Edition, Taylor & Francis, London, UK.
  68. MEXT, 2011 - Standard tables of food composition in Japan, 2011 - Fifth and Enlarged Edition. Ministry of education, culture, sports, science and technology (MEXT), Kagawa Nutr. Univ. Pub. Div., Tokyo, Japan, pp. 104-105.
  69. MILLER D.A., 1983 - Allelopathic effects of alfalfa. - J. Chem. Ecol., 9(8): 1059-1072.
  70. MILLER D.A., 1996 - Allelopathy in forage crop systems. - Agron. J., 88: 854-859.
  71. MIYAJI T., SHIRAZAWA N., 1979 - Researches on the injuries of continuous cropping and those countermeasures in taro plant. - Bulletin Kagoshima Agril. Res. Centre, 7: 5-15.
  72. MIYOSHI S., YAMADA T., YOSHIKA S., 1971 - Studies on soil-borne diseases of taro-plant by continuous cropping. (1) Appearances of diseases by continuous cropping and its control effect of cultivating by alternation of land usage between dry and flooded conditions. - Bulletin Fukuoka Agril. Res. Centre, 9: 45-48.
  73. MONDAL F.M., ASADUZZAMAN M., KOBAYASHI Y., BAN T., ASAO, T., 2013 - Recovery from autotoxicity in strawberry by supplementation of amino acids. - Sci. Horticult., 164: 137-144.
  74. MOTOKI S., NISHIMURA E., KIYAZAWA H., HIRADATE S., SHINOHARA Y., 2006 - Participation of allelopathy in injury due to continuous cropping of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) in alluvial soil. - Hort. Res., 5: 431-436.
  75. MUROTA M., SAKAMOTO Y., TOMIYAMA K., OZAKI M., MANABE M., IWAHASHI T., FUKUKAWA T., 1984 - Actual conditions of taro planting in the main producing districts of Miyazaki prefecture and some methods to prevent injury by continuous cropping. - Bulletin Miyazaki Agril. Expt. Station, pp. 39-53.
  76. NAKAHISA K., TSUZUKI E., MITSUMIZO T., 1993 - Study on the allelopathy of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). I. Observation of allelopathy and survey for substances inducing growth inhibition. - Jpn. J. Crop Sci., 62(2): 294-299.
  77. NAKAHISA K., TSUZUKI E., TERAO H., KOSEMURA S., 1994 - Study on the allelopathy of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). II. Isolation and identification of allelopathic substances in alfalfa. - Jpn. J. Crop Sci., 63(2): 278-284.
  78. NICHOLS M., 2008 - Greenhouse production in Japan. - Casper Publications, California, 22 March 2010. .
  79. OKA S., 2002 - Development of the labor-saving cultivation techniques by raising the labor-saving cultivars of vegetables (Part 1). - Bulletin Natl. Agril. Res. Center Western Region, pp. 26-27.
  80. PIRIE A., MULLINS M.G., 1976 - Changes in anthocyanin and phenolics content of grapevine leaf and fruit tissues treated with sucrose, nitrate, and abscisic acid. - Plant Physiol., 58(4): 468-472.
  81. POLITYCKA B., WOJCIK-WOJTKOWIAK D., PUDELSKI T., 1984 - Phenolic compounds as a cause of phytotoxicity in green house substrates repeatedly used in cucumber growing. - Acta Horticulturae, 156: 89-94.
  82. PRAMANIK M.H.R., NAGAI M., ASAO T., MATSUI Y., 2000 - Effects of temperature and photoperiod on phytotoxic root exudates of cucumber (Cucumis sativa) in hydroponic culture. - J. Chem. Ecol., 26(8): 1953-1967.
  83. PURVIS C.E., 1990 - Differential response of wheat to retained crop stubbles. I. Effects of stubble type and degree of decomposition. - Aus. J. Agril. Res., 41: 225-242.
  84. PUTCHA N., ALLON M., 2007 - Management of hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. - Semin. Dial., 20: 431-439.
  85. PUTNAM A.R., 1985 - Allelopathic research in agriculture: Past highlights and potential. - In: THOMPSON A.C. (eds.) The Chemistry of allelopathy: Biochemical interactions among plants. - Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC, pp. 1-8.
  86. RICE E.L., 1984 - Allelopathy. - Second Edition. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, USA.
  87. RODRIGUEZ J.C., CANTLIFFE D.J., SHAW N.L., 2006 - Soilless media and containers for greenhouse production of ‘Galia’ type muskmelon. - HortSci., 41: 1200-1205.
  88. ROVIRA A.D., 1959 - Root excretions in relation to the rhizosphere effect. IV. Influence of plant species, age of the plant, light, temperature and calcium nutrition on exudation. - Plant Soil, 1: 53-64.
  89. ROVIRA A.D., 1969 - Plant root exudates. - Bot. Rev., 35: 35-57.
  90. SATO N., 2004 - Effect of the substances accumulated in the nutrients solution by the rock wool circulated hydro culture to the rose seedlings growth. - J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 73(Suppl. 2): 497.
  91. SCHACHTMAN D., LIU W., 1999 - Molecular pieces to the puzzle of the interaction between potassium and sodium uptake in plants. - Trends Plant Sci., 4: 281-285.
  92. SCHENK S.U., WERNER D., 1991 - ß-(3-isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-alanine from Pisum: Allelopathic properties and antimycotic bioassay. - Phytochem., 30(2): 467-470.
  93. SINGH H.P., BATISH D.R., KOHLI R.K., 1999 - Autotoxicity: concept, organisms and ecological significance. - Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 18: 757-772.
  94. SPITAL A., STEMS R.H., 1988 - Potassium homeostasis in dialysis patients. - Semin. Dial., 1: 14-20.
  95. SUNDIN P., WAECHTER-KRISTENSEN B., 1994 - Degradation of phenolic acids by bacteria from liquid hydroponic culture of tomato, pp. 473-475. - In: STRUIK P.C., VREDENVERG W.J., RENKAMA J.A., PARLEVLIET J.E. (eds.) Plant production on the threshold of a New Century.
  96. Kluwer Aca. Pub., Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
  97. SZCZERBA M.W., BRITTO D.T., KRONZUCKER H.J., 2009 - K+ transport in plants: Physiology and molecular biology. - J. Plant Phyiol., 166: 447-466.
  98. SZMIDT R.A.K., HALL D.A., HITCHON G.M., 1988 - Development of perlite culture systems for the production of greenhouse tomatoes. - Acta Horticulturae, 221: 371-378.
  99. TAKAHASHI K., 1984 - The replant failures of vegetables. - Res. Report Natl. Res. Inst. Vege. Tea Sci., Japan, 18: 87-99.
  100. TAKEUCHI M., ARAKAWA C., KUWAHARA Y., GEMMA H., 2008 - Effects of L-pro foliar application on the quality of ‘Kosui’ Japanese pear. - Acta Horticulturae, 800: 549-554.
  101. TAKEUCHI T., 2000 - The nourishment uptake of strawberry cultivar ‘Akihime’ in rockwool hydroponics with a nutrient solution circulating system. - Bulletin Shizuoka Agrl. Expt. Station, 45: 13-23.
  102. TANG C.H., 1986 - Continuous trapping techniques for the study of allelochemicals from higher plants, pp. 113-131. - In: PUTNUM A.R., and C.H. TANG (eds.) The Science of Allelopathy. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
  103. TERABAYASHI S., HARADA N., DATE S., FUJIME Y., 2008 - Effects of aeration and root immersion level on the development of carrot root in hydroponics. - Hort. Res. (Japan), 7: 439-444.
  104. TISDALE S.L., NELSON W.L., 1975 - Soil fertility and fertilizers. - 3rd Edition, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. New York, USA.
  105. TSUCHIYA K., 1990 - Problems on allelopathy in vegetable cropping. - Agri. Horti., 65: 9-16.
  106. TSUCHIYA K., OHNO Y., 1992 - Analysis of allelopathy in vegetable cultivation. I. Possibility of occurrence of allelopathy in vegetable cultivation. - Bulletin Natl. Res. Inst. Vege. Orna. Plants Tea. Series A 5, pp. 37-44.
  107. VANCURA V., 1967 - Root exudates of plants. III. Effect of temperature and ‘cold shock’ on the exudation of various compounds from seeds and seedlings of maize and cucumber. - Plant Soil, 27: 319-327.
  108. WEINER I.D., WINGO C.S., 1998 - Hyperkalemia: A potential silent killer. - J. Amer. Soc. Nephrol., 9: 1535-1543.
  109. WILLIAMS R.D., HOAGLAND R.E., 1982 - The effects of naturally occurring phenolic compounds on seed germination. - Weed Sci., 30: 206-212.
  110. XIAO C.L., ZHENG J.H., ZOU L.Y., SUN Y., ZHOU Y.H., YU J.Q., 2006 - Autotoxic effects of root exudates of soybean. - Allelopathy J., 18: 121-127.
  111. YAN F., YANG Z., 2008 - Allelochemicals in Pre-cowing Soils of Continuous Soybean Cropping and Their Autointoxication, pp. 271-281. - In: SEN ZENG R.S., A.U. MALLIK, and S.M. LUO (eds.) Allelopathy in sustainable agriculture and forestry. Springer, New York, USA.
  112. YASMIN S., SALEEM B., IRSHAD A., 1999 - Allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on each other’s growth and quality. - Intl. J. Agri. Biol., 1: 110-111.
  113. YOUNG C.C., 1984 - Autotoxication in root exudates of Asparagus officinalis L. - Plant Soil, 82(2): 247-253.
  114. YOUNG C.C., CHOU T.C., 1985 - Autointoxication in residues of Asparagus officinalis L. - Plant Soil, 85(3): 385-393.
  115. YU J.Q., LEE K.S., MATSUI Y., 1993 - Effect of addition of activated charcoal to the nutrient solution on the growth of tomato grown in the hydroponic culture. - Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 39(1): 13-22.
  116. YU J.Q., MATSUI Y., 1993 a - Effect of addition of activated charcoal to the nutrient solution on the growth of tomato grown in the hydroponic culture. - Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 39(1): 13-22.
  117. YU J.Q., MATSUI Y., 1993 b - Extraction and identification of the phytotoxic substances accumulated in the nutrient solution for the hydroponic culture of tomato. - Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 39(4): 691-700.
  118. YU J.Q., MATSUI Y., 1993 c - p-Thiocyanatophenol as a novel allelochemical in exudates from the root of cucumber. - Chem. Express., 8: 577-580.
  119. YU J.Q., MATSUI Y., 1994 - Phytotoxic substances in root exudates of Cucumis sativus L. - J. Chem. Ecol., 20(1): 21-31.
  120. YU J.Q., MATSUI Y., 1997 - Effects of root exudates of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) allelochemicals on ion uptake by cucumber seedlings. - J. Chem. Ecol., 23(3): 817-827.
  121. YU J.Q., MATSUI Y., 1999 - Autointoxication of root exudates in Pisum sativum. - Acta Hort. Sinica, 26: 175-199.