Assessing places' liveability: informational entropy for the construction of a set of criteria and indicators
Published 2025-10-30
Keywords
- wellbeing,
- informationa entropy,
- liveability
Copyright (c) 2025 Fabrizio Battisti, Orazio Campo, Melania Perdonò

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
The growing interest in well-being as a quality-of-life paradigm has led to a critical revision of its traditional conception. It is no longer limited to indicators of material prosperity and physical health (objective well-being indicators) but also to individual perceptions of quality of life and happiness (subjective well-being indicators). In this new conception, the living environment plays a key role. The definition of well-being indicators based on the perceptual assessments of an urban environment crucially requires interdisciplinary skills. Using an investigative approach based on informational entropy, the objective of this paper is to construct a taxonomy that allows for the assessment of the quality of an environment to achieve adequate well-being standards and thus the improvement of quality of life. In detail, the article explains the construction process of a set of criteria and indicators for evaluating the characteristics of an urban environment and the physical and functional indices that contribute to achieving specific well-being thresholds. Through the involvement of a significant sample of 100 subjects, the results of the work consist of a set of 132 criteria and indicators for the assessment of liveability.
References
- 2Thinknow (2023). Innovation Cities Index. Melbourne: 2Thinknow. Available online: www.2thinknow.com/innovation-cities-index
- Abass, Z., I., & Tucker, R. (2018). Residential satisfaction in low-density Australian suburbs: The impact of social and physical context on neighbourhood contentment. Journal of Environmental psychology, 56, 36-45.
- Abu-Ghazzeh, T. M. (1999). Housing layout, social interaction, and the place of contact in Abu-Nuseir, Jordan. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(1), 41e73.
- Acampa, G., Pino, A., Alberti, F., & Rossi, G. (2024). The URGET VADEMECUM 2030–2050 Project: Applying Threshold Theory to Sustainable Urban Mobility. In F. Calabrò, L. Madureira, F. C. Morabito, & M. J. Piñeira Mantiñán (Eds.), Networks, Markets & People (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol. 1186, pp. 172–181). Springer.
- Acampa, G., & Pino, A. (2024). Filling the old with new life. Application of original indicators for evaluating ecovillages as village repopulation initiatives. Aestimum, 85, 73–86.
- Acampa, G., & Pino, A. (2023). Optimal computing budget allocation for urban regeneration: An unprecedented match between economic/extra-economic evaluations and urban planning. In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2023 Workshops (pp. 69–79). Springer.
- Ahmed N.O., El-Halafawy A.M., Amin A.M. (2019). A critical review of Urban Liveability. European journal of sustainable development, volume 8, n.1, 165-182.
- Amérigo, M., & Aragonés, J., I. (1990). Residential satisfaction in council housing. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 10, 313-325.
- Āzena L.; Keiss S. (2009). Specifics of territorial marketing strategy planning. European Integration Studies, 2009(3).
- Babbie, E. (2021). The practice of social research (15a ed.). Cengage Learning.
- Bartolini S., Bilancini E. (2010). If not only GDP, what else? Using relational goods to predict the trends of subjective well-being. International Review of Economics, 57(2), 199-213.
- Bartolini, S. & Bilancini, E. (2010) “If not only GRP, what else? Using relational goods to predict the trends of subjective well-being” International Review of Economics 57:199-213.
- Blanchard, O., Amighini A., & Giavazzi, F. (2016). Macroeconomia. Una prospettiva europea. Milano, Italia: Società editrice il Mulino.
- Battisti, F (2023). SDGs and ESG Criteria in Housing: Defining Local Evaluation Criteria and Indicators for Verifying Project Sustainability Using Florence Metropolitan Area as a Case Study. SUSTAINABILITY, vol. 15, pp. 0-0, ISSN:2071-1050 DOI 10.3390/su15129372
- Bonaiuto M., Bilotta E., Bonnes M. (2009).Percezione e valutazione dei luoghi urbani per un progettare e abitare riflessivi Il progettista riflessivo: scienze sociali e progettazione architettonica (pp.75-95) Publisher: Bari: Laterza Editors: G. Amendola Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303923515_Percezione_e_valutazione_dei_luoghi_urbani_per_un_progettare_e_abitare_riflessivi
- Bonaiuto M., Fornara F., Ariccio S., Cancellieri U. G., & Rahimi L. (2015). Perceived residential environment quality indicators (PREQIs) relevance for UN-HABITAT City Prosperity Index (CPI). Habitat International, 45, 53-63.
- Bonaiuto, M., & Alves, S. (2012). Residential places and neighborhoods: Toward healthy life, social integration, and reputable residence. In Clayton, S., D. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp. 221–247). Oxford University Press.
- Burton, M. (2014). Quality of place. In Encyclopedia of quality of life and Well-Being research (pp. 5312–5314): Springer. Available online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2381
- Chazal, J. d. (2010). Un approccio sistemico alla vivibilità e alla sostenibilità: definire i termini e mappare le relazioni per collegare i desideri con le opportunità e i vincoli ecologici. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 27, n. 5, 585-597.
- Couper, M.P. 2008. Designing Effective Web Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Cover, T. M., & Thomas, J. A. (2006). Elements of information theory [PDF]. Wiley Interscience.
- Cummins, R.A. (2000). Objective and Subjective Quality of Life: an Interactive Model. Social Indicators Research 52, 55–72. Available online: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007027822521
- De Leeuw, E. D., Hox, J. J., & Dillman, D. A. (2012). International handbook of survey methodology. Routledge.
- Delli Zotti, G. (2020). Metodi e tecniche della ricerca sociale. EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste.
- Easterlin R. A. (2013). Happiness and economic growth: The evidence. Available online: https://docs.iza.org/dp7187.pdf
- Easterlin, R.A., 1974. Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence. In: P.A. David & M.W. Reder, eds. Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz. New York: Academic Press, pp. 89-125.Available online: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-205050-3.50008-7
- Economist intelligence (2023). THE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2023. Londra. Available online: https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/global-liveability-index-2023/
- European Commission (2018). Good practices in mental health and well-being. Available online: https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2018-03/2018_goodpractices_en_0.pdf
- European Social Survey (2018). Il benessere personale e sociale degli europei. Principali risultati del Round 6 della European Social Survey. ESS Topline Result Series n. 5. Available online: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/findings/TL5_Wellbeing-Italian.pdf
- Evans GW, Wells NM, Moch A. (2003). Housing and mental health: a review of the evidence and a methodological and conceptual critique. J Soc Issues.; 59:475–500.
- Evans, G. W. (2003). The built environment and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 80(4), 536-555.
- Felici B., Penna M., Rao M., Roberto R., Zini A. (2022) Smart Working: prospettive di cambiamento per la sostenibilità urbana. Un'analisi comparata in 4 province italiane. ENEA. ISBN: 978-88-8286-431-6
- Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey research methods (5a ed.). Sage Publications.
- Francis, J., Giles-Corti, B., Wood, L., & Knuiman, M. (2012). "Creating Sense of Community: The Role of Public Space". Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(4), 401-409.
- Freeman HL. (1984). Housing. In: Freeman HL, ed. Mental Health and the Environment. London, England: Churchill Livingstone;197–225.
- Gössling, S., Hall, C.M. & Scott, D., 2012. Tourism and climate change: Impacts, adaptation and mitigation. Routledge, p. 212.
- Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C.M., 2010. Tourism and global environmental change. Routledge, p. 40.
- Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2009). Survey methodology (2a ed.). Wiley.
- Guarini M.R.; Battisti F.; Buccarini C. (2014a). Rome: Re-qualification program for the street markets in public-private partnership. A further proposal for the Flaminio II street market. In: 2013 2nd Global Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, GCCSEE 2013, Shenzhen, chn, 2013, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, vol. 838-841, pp. 2928-2933. DOI 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.838-841.2928
- Guarini M.R.; Battisti F. (2014b). Evaluation and management of land-development processes based on the public-private partnership. In: 3rd International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, EESD 2013, Shanghai, chn, 2013, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, vol. 869-870, pp. 154-161. DOI 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.869-870.154
- Battisti F.; Guarini M.R.; Chiovitti A. (2017). The assessment of real estate initiatives to be included in the socially-responsible funds. SUSTAINABILITY, vol. 9, pp. 973-991, ISSN:2071-1050 DOI 10.3390/su9060973
- Helliwell, J. F. (2007). Well-being and social capital: Does suicide pose a puzzle? Social Indicators Research, 81(3), 455–496. Available online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-0022-y
- IMD (2023). IMD Smart City Index 2023. Lausanne: IMD. Available online: www.imd.org/smart-city-index
- Inglehart, R. e Klingemann, H. D. (2000). "Gender and Well-Being." In: Culture and Subjective Well-Being. Ed. by Ed Diener e Eunkook M. Suh. MIT Press.
- International Labour Organization (2019). The Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work. Available online: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_711674.pdf
- ISTAT (2021). Annuario statistico italiano 2021. Available online: https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/annuario+statistico+italiano
- Istat, 2024. Relazione sul Benessere Equo e Sostenibile (BES) 2024. [online] Available online: https://www.dt.mef.gov.it/export/sites/sitodt/modules/documenti_it/analisi_progammazione/documenti_programmatici/Relazione-BES-2024_finale.pdf
- Jeffrey, K., Abdallah, S., & Quick, A. (2018). “Il benessere personale e sociale degli europei: Principali risultati del Round 6 della European Social Survey.” City, University of London: European Social Survey ERIC.
- Larson, R.: (1978), Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans, Journal of Gerontology 33, pp. 109–125.
- Layard R. (2005). Rethinking public economics: The implications of rivalry and habit. Economics and happiness, 1(1), 147-170.
- Layard, R. (2005). Happiness: Lessons from a New Science. New York: Penguin.
- Lyndhurst, B., (2004). Liveability & Sustainable Development: Bad Habits & Hard Choices. Final report for the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, London.
- Maas, J., Verheij, R.A., Groenewegen, P.P., de Vries, S. and Spreeuwenberg, P., 2009. Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 63(7), pp. 647-652. Available online: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.079038.
- Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. Harper & Row.
- Melluso N., Bonaccorsi A., Chiarello F., Fantoni G. (2020). Rapid detection of fast innovation under the pressure of COVID-19. PLOS ONE 15(12): e0244175 Available online: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244175
- Merriam Webster (2018). Retrieved April 23, 2018, Available online: https://www.merriam-webster.com
- Mombelli Castracane M. (2012). Politica della trasparenza, Il Mulino. Available online: https://www.dizie.eu/dizionario/politica-della-trasparenza-nellunione-europea/?print=pdf
- OECD (2021), Economic Policy Reforms 2021: Going for Growth: Shaping a Vibrant Recovery, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- Okulicz-Kozaryn A., Valente R. R. (2018). Livability and Subjective Well-Being Across European. Applied Research Quality Life 14, 197–220 (2019). Available online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9587-7
- Pacione, M. (1990). Urban liveability: a review. Urban geography 11, no. 1 , 1-30.
- Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press
- Shannon C.E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication, Bell Syst. Tech. J.,vol. 27
- Smart City Expo World Congress (2011). Available online: http://www.smartcityexpo.com/en/the-event/past-editions-2011
- Speroni, D. (2019, Gennaio 2 ). “Stiglitz due”: la mancata attenzione agli indicatori “oltre il Pil” ha aggravato la crisi economica. Available online: http://numerus.corriere.it/2019/01/02/stiglitz-due-la-mancata-attenzione-agliindicatori-oltre-il-pil-ha-aggravato-la-crisi-economica
- Syamili, M.S., Takala T., Korrensalo A. and Tuittila E.-S., 2021. Happiness in urban green spaces: A systematic literature review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 59, p.126982. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.128042
- The Mori Memorial Foundation (2023). Global Power City Index 2023. Tokyo: Mori Memorial Foundation. Available online: https://mori-m foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/index.shtml
- United Nations (2015). Risoluzione adottata dall’Assemblea Generale il 25 settembre 2015, 70/1. Trasformare il nostro mondo: l’Agenda 2030 per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile. Available online: https://unric.org/it/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/Agenda-2030-Onu-italia.pdf
- United Nations (2015). Risoluzione adottata dall’Assemblea Generale il 25 settembre 2015, 70/1. Trasformare il nostro mondo: l’Agenda 2030 per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile. Available online: https://unric.org/it/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/Agenda-2030-Onu-italia.pdf
- Varotto M. (2019), L’economia del benessere: prospettive europee deopo la strategia Europa 2020”, Available online: https://maurovarottoblog.com/2019/12/20/leconomia-del-benessere-prospettive-europee-dopo-la-strategia-europa-2020/
- Veenhoven, R. (2000). The four qualities of life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 1–39.
- Veenhoven, R., & Ehrhardt, J. (1995). The cross-national pattern of happiness: test of predictions implied in three theories of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 34, 33–68.
- Viviani, S. (2016). “L’Italia dei piccoli comuni e l’urbanistica del cambiamento”. TESTIMONIANZE, nn.507/508 p.1
- World Bank Group, The Human Capital Project (2019). The Changing Nature of Work. Available online: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/816281518818814423/2019-WDR-Report.pdf
 
	
				
 
			
		 
			 
			