Vol. 87 (2025)
Original Articles - Urban, Land, Environmental Appraisal and Economics

Unleashing the hidden green value: assessing the impact of energy certification and environmental amenities on real estate through hedonic modelling

Carolina Bonardi Pellizzari
Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padua, Italy
Tiziano Tempesta
Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padua, Italy
Cristiano Franceschinis
Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padua, Italy
Mara Thiene
Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padua, Italy
Daniel Vecchiato
Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padua, Italy

Published 2025-10-30

Keywords

  • Building’s Energy performance,
  • hedonic model,
  • urban environment

Abstract

Rapid population growth and urbanization have intensified energy demand and climate vulnerability in cities, elevating the importance of urban green spaces and energy-efficient properties, which impact real estate values. This study uses a hedonic pricing model to assess how environmental amenities and energy efficiency influence property prices. We analysed sales contracts from 2022–2023 in Padua (Italy), enriched with spatial data on key environmental factors. Findings reveal a notable price premium associated with proximity to green spaces and waterways: for each hectare of park area, properties located within 100 m experience a 5.4% price increase, while each additional 100 meters from a waterway reduces apartment value by 3.7%. Additionally, apartments in energy class A or higher command a 30% higher price per square meter with respect to other energy classes. This research offers valuable insights into how urban green spaces and energy efficiency shape real estate values in rapidly urbanizing settings.

References

  1. Allen Klaiber, H., & Phaneuf, D. J. (2010). Valuing open space in a residential sorting model of the Twin Cities. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 60(2), 57–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2010.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2010.05.002
  2. Amrusch, P. (2005). The impact of urban traffic and environmental conditions on the housing market: an analysis of Italian and Slovenian urban areas. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 77, 809–816. https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/UT05/UT05078FU.pdf
  3. Anderson, H., & Vahe, N. (2018). Estimating the impact urban green space has on property price. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/compendium/economicreview/july2018/estimatingtheimpacturbangreenspacehasonpropertyprice#:~:text=The%20greater%20the%20size%20of,in%20property%20price%20of%201.4%25 (Accessed 17 January 2023).
  4. ARPAV. (2023). Variabili meteorologiche. Available at: https://www.arpa.veneto.it/dati-ambientali/open-data/file-e-allegati/trend_variabili_meteorologiche.zip (Accessed 24 March 2023).
  5. Ballester, J., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Méndez Turrubiates, R. F., Pegenaute, F., Herrmann, F. R., Robine, J. M., Basagaña, X., Tonne, C., Antó, J. M., & Achebak, H. (2023). Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022. Nature Medicine, 29(7), 1857–1866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02419-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02419-z
  6. Barreca, A., Fregonara, E., & Rolando, D. (2021). EPC labels and building features: spatial implications over housing prices. Sustainability, 13(5), 2838. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052838 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052838
  7. Bisello, A., Antoniucci, V., & Marella, G. (2020). Measuring the price premium of energy efficiency: a two-step analysis in the Italian housing market. Energy and Buildings, 208, 109670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109670
  8. Bonetti, F., Corsi, S., Orsi, L., & De Noni, I. (2016). Canals vs. streams: to what extent do water quality and proximity affect real estate values? A hedonic approach analysis. Water, 8(12), 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8120577 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w8120577
  9. Borgoni, R., Michelangeli, A., & Pontarollo, N. (2018). The value of culture to urban housing markets. Regional Studies, 52(12), 1672–1683. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1444271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1444271
  10. Boyle, K. J. (2003). A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  11. Campagnaro, T., Vecchiato, D., Arnberger, A., Celegato, R., Da Re, R., Rizzetto, R., Semenzato, P., Sitzia, T., Tempesta, T., & Cattaneo, D. (2020). General, stress relief and perceived safety preferences for green spaces in the historic city of Padua (Italy). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 52, 126695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126695 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126695
  12. Cespedes-Lopez, M. F., Mora-Garcia, R. T., Perez-Sanchez, V. R., & Perez-Sanchez, J. C. (2019). Meta-analysis of price premiums in housing with energy performance certificates (EPC). Sustainability, 11(22), 6303. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226303
  13. Chay, K., Xa, Y, & Greenstone, M. (2005). Does air quality matter? Evidence from the housing market. Journal of Political Economy, 113(2), 376–424. https://doi.org/10.1086/427462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/427462
  14. Cohen, J. P., Cromley, R. G., & Banach, K. T. (2014). Are homes near water bodies and wetlands worth more or less? An analysis of housing prices in one Connecticut town. Growth and Change, 46(1), 114–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12073
  15. Comune di Padova. (2004). Padova: città d’acque. Available at: https://www.padovanet.it/sites/default/files/attachment/C_1_Allegati_1116_Allegato.pdf (Accessed 24 March 2023).
  16. Conway, D., Li, C. Q., Wolch, J., Kahle, C., & Jerrett, M. (2008). A Spatial Autocorrelation Approach For Examining The Effects Of Urban Greenspace On Residential Property Values. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 41(2), 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-008-9159-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-008-9159-6
  17. Copiello, S., & Bonifaci, P. (2015). Price premium for buildings energy efficiency: empirical findings from a hedonic model. Valori e Valutazioni, 14, 5–15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280141865
  18. Copiello, S., & Coletto, S. (2023). The price premium in green buildings: a spatial autoregressive model and a multi-criteria optimization approach. Buildings, 13(2), 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020276
  19. Cordera, R., Chiarazzo, V., Ottomanelli, M., dell’Olio, L., & Ibeas, A. (2019). The impact of undesirable externalities on residential property values: spatial regressive models and an empirical study. Transport Policy, 80, 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.04.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.04.010
  20. Czembrowski, P., & Kronenberg, J. (2016). Hedonic pricing and different urban green space types and sizes: Insights into the discussion on valuing ecosystem services. Landscape and Urban Planning, 146, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.10.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.10.005
  21. da Schio, N., Phillips, A., Fransen, K., Wolff, M., Haase, D., Ostoić, S. K., Živojinović, I., Vuletić, D., Derks, J., Davies, C., Lafortezza, R., Roitsch, D., Winkel, G., & De Vreese, R. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of and attitudes towards urban forests and green spaces: Exploring the instigators of change in Belgium. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 65, 127305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127305
  22. Dell’Anna, F., Bravi, M., & Bottero, M. (2022). Urban Green infrastructures: How much did they affect property prices in Singapore? Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 68, 127475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127475 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127475
  23. Ebi, K. L., Vanos, J., Baldwin, J. W., Bell, J. E., Hondula, D. M., Errett, N. A., Hayes, K., Reid, C. E., Saha, S., Spector, J., & Berry, P. (2021). Extreme weather and climate change: population health and health system implications. Annual Review of Public Health, 42(1), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105026
  24. Escobedo, F. J., Adams, D. C., & Timilsina, N. (2015). Urban forest structure effects on property value. Ecosystem Services, 12, 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.002
  25. European Parliament and Council of the European Union. (2002). Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 1, 65–71. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32002L0091 (Accessed 10 January 2023).
  26. European Parliament and Council of the European Union. (2010). Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (recast). Official Journal of the European Union, L 153, 13–35. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2010/31/oj/eng (Accessed 10 January 2023).
  27. European Parliament and Council of the European Union. (2018). Directive (EU) 2018/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 amending Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency. Official Journal of the European Union, L 328, 210–230. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2018.328.01.0210.01.ENG (Accessed 10 January 2023).
  28. European Commission. (2019). Guidance on a strategic framework for further supporting the deployment of EU-level green and blue infrastructure. Available at: https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/green-infrastructure_en (Accessed 11 January 2023).
  29. European Commission (2021). Making our homes and buildings fit for a greener future. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/attachment/869476/Buildings_Factsheet_EN_final.pdf (Accessed 11 January 2023).
  30. European Parliament and Council of the European Union. (2024). Directive (EU) 2024/1275 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 April 2024 on the energy performance of buildings (recast). Official Journal of the European Union. Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/1275/oj (Accessed 09 July 2024).
  31. Franco, S. F., & Cutter, W. B. (2022). The determinants of non-residential real estate values with special reference to environmental local amenities. Ecological Economics, 201, 107485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107485 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107485
  32. Franco, S. F., & Macdonald, J. L. (2018). Measurement and valuation of urban greenness: remote sensing and hedonic applications to Lisbon, Portugal. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 72, 156–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.03.002
  33. Freeman, R., Liang, W., Song, R., & Timmins, C. (2019). Willingness to pay for clean air in China. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 94, 188–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.01.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.01.005
  34. Fregonara, E., Rolando, D., & Semeraro, P. (2017). Energy performance certificates in the Turin real estate market. Journal of European Real Estate Research, 10(2), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1108/jerer-05-2016-0022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JERER-05-2016-0022
  35. Fregonara, E., Rolando, D., Semeraro, P., & Vella, M. (2014). The impact of Energy Performance Certificate level on house listing prices. First evidence from Italian real estate. Aestimum, 65, 143–163. https://doi.org/10.13128/Aestimum-15459
  36. Fregonara, E., & Rubino, I. (2021). Buildings’ energy performance, green attributes and real estate prices: methodological perspectives from the European literature. Aestimum, 79, 43–73. https://doi.org/10.36253/aestim-10785 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/aestim-10785
  37. Goel, M. (2023). Do homeowners care about sustainability? Social Science Research Network, 1–89. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4340288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4340288
  38. Grima, N., Corcoran, W., Hill-James, C., Langton, B., Sommer, H., & Fisher, B. (2020). The importance of urban natural areas and urban ecosystem services during the COVID- 19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 15(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243344 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243344
  39. Guerri, G., Crisci, A., Cresci, I., Congedo, L., Munafò, M., & Morabito, M. (2022). Residential buildings real estate values linked to summer surface thermal anomaly patterns and urban features: a Florence (Italy) case study. Sustainability, 14(14), 8412. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148412 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148412
  40. Halvorsen, R., & Palmquist, R. (1980). The interpretation of dummy variables in semilogarithmic equations. The American Economic Review, 70, 474–475. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1805237
  41. Herath, S., & Maier, G. (2010). The hedonic price method in real estate and housing market research: a review of the literature review of the literature. Available at: https://www-sre.wu.ac.at/sre-disc/sre-disc-2010_03.pdf (Accessed 10 January 2023).
  42. Hitaj, C., Lynch, L., McConnell, K. E., & Tra, C. I. (2018). The value of ozone air quality improvements to renters: evidence from apartment building transactions in Los Angeles County. Ecological Economics, 146, 706–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.12.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.12.022
  43. ISTAT. (2011). Principali statistiche geografiche sui comuni. Available at: https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224 (Accessed 23 March 2023).
  44. ISTAT. (2023). Bilancio demografico mensile. Available at: https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=it&a=2023&i=D7B (Accessed 23 March 2023).
  45. Jim, C. Y., & Chen, W. Y. (2006). Impacts of urban environmental elements on residential housing prices in Guangzhou (China). Landscape and Urban Planning, 78(4), 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.12.003
  46. Kolbe, J., Schulz, R., Wersing, M., & Werwatz, A. (2021). Real estate listings and their usefulness for hedonic regressions. Empirical Economics, 61(6), 3239–3269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01992-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01992-3
  47. Kong, F., Yin, H., & Nakagoshi, N. (2007). Using GIS and landscape metrics in the hedonic price modeling of the amenity value of urban green space: a case study in Jinan City, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79(3), 240–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.02.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.02.013
  48. Koster, J. (2022). Proximity to water and residential property values: evidence from the Netherlands. Master Thesis, University of Groningen. https://frw.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/id/eprint/4043
  49. Lancaster, K. J. (1966). A new approach to consumer theory. Journal of Political Economy, 74(2), 132. https://doi.org/10.1086/259131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/259131
  50. Łaszkiewicz, E., Czembrowski, P., & Kronenberg, J. (2019). Can proximity to urban green spaces be considered a luxury? Classifying a non-tradable good with the use of hedonic pricing method. Ecological Economics, 161, 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.03.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.03.025
  51. Li, M. M., & Brown, H. J. (1980). Micro-neighborhood externalities and hedonic housing prices. Land Economics, 56(2), 125-141. https://doi.org/10.2307/3145857 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3145857
  52. Li, X., Stringer, L. C., & Dallimer, M. (2022). The impacts of urbanisation and climate change on the urban thermal environment in Africa. Climate, 10(11), 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10110164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10110164
  53. Liebelt, V., Bartke, S., & Schwarz, N. (2018). Revealing preferences for urban green spaces: a scale-sensitive hedonic pricing analysis for the city of Leipzig. Ecological Economics, 146, 536–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.12.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.12.006
  54. Lungman, T., Cirach, M., Marando, F., Pereira Barboza, E., Khomenko, S., Masselot, P., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Mueller, N., Gasparrini, A., Urquiza, J., Heris, M., Thondoo, M., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2023). Cooling cities through urban green infrastructure: a health impact assessment of European cities. Lancet, 401(10376), 577–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02585-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02585-5
  55. Luttik, J. (2000). The value of trees, water and open space as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48, 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00039-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00039-6
  56. Ma, B., Zhou, T., Lei, S., Wen, Y., & Htun, T. T. (2019). Effects of urban green spaces on residents’ well-being. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21(6), 2793–2809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0161-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0161-8
  57. Malpezzi, S., Gibb, K., & O’Sullivan, A. (2002). Hedonic pricing models: a selective and applied review. Available at: http://www.bus.wisc.edu/realestate (Accessed 10 January 2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690680.ch5
  58. Manganelli, B., Morano, P., Tajani, F., & Salvo, F. (2019). Affordability assessment of energy-efficient building construction in Italy. Sustainability, 11(1), 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010249
  59. Marmolejo-Duarte, C., & Chen, A. (2019). The uneven price impact of energy efficiency ratings on housing segments and implications for public policy and private markets. Sustainability, 11(2), 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020372
  60. Marmolejo-Duarte, C., Chen, A., & Bravi, M. (2020). Spatial implications of EPC rankings over residential prices. In Mondini, G., Oppio, A., Stanghellini, S., Bottero, M., & Abastante, F. (Eds). Values and Functions for Future Cities. Cham, Springer, pp. 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23786-8_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23786-8_4
  61. Massimo, D. E., De Paola, P., Musolino, M., Malerba, A., & Del Giudice, F. P. (2022). Green and gold buildings? Detecting real estate market premium for green buildings through evolutionary polynomial regression. Buildings, 12(5), 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050621
  62. Moore, M. R., Doubek, J. P., Xu, H., & Cardinale, B. J. (2020). Hedonic price estimates of lake water quality: valued attribute, instrumental variables, and ecological-economic benefits. Ecological Economics, 176, 106692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106692 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106692
  63. Morancho, A. B. (2003). A hedonic valuation of urban green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 66(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2046(03)00093-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00093-8
  64. Morano, P., Rosato, P., Tajani, F., & Di Liddo, F. (2020). An analysis of the energy efficiency impacts on the residential property prices in the city of Bari (Italy). In Mondini, G., Oppio, A., Stanghellini, S., Bottero, M., & Abastante, F. (Eds). Values and Functions for Future Cities. Cham, Springer, pp. 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23786-8_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23786-8_5
  65. Olaussen, J. O., Oust, A., & Solstad, J. T. (2017). Energy performance certificates – Informing the informed or the indifferent? Energy Policy, 111, 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.09.029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.09.029
  66. Olaussen, J. O., Oust, A., & Solstad, J. T. (2021). Real estate price formation: energy performance certificates and the role of real estate agents. Journal of Sustainable Real Estate, 13(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/19498276.2021.2006875 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19498276.2021.2006875
  67. Olaussen, J. O., Oust, A., Solstad, J. T., & Kristiansen, L. (2019). Energy performance certificates – the role of the energy price. Energies, 12(18), 3563. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183563
  68. Osland, L., Östh, J., & Nordvik, V. (2022). House price valuation of environmental amenities: an application of GIS-derived data. Regional Science Policy and Practice, 14(4), 939–959. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12382 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12382
  69. Panduro, T. E., & Veie, K. L. (2013). Classification and valuation of urban green spaces – A hedonic house price valuation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 120, 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.08.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.08.009
  70. Petzold, J., & Mose, L. (2023). Urban Greening as a Response to Climate-Related Heat Risk: A Social-Geographical Review. Sustainability, 15(6), 4996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064996
  71. Piaggio, M. (2021). The value of public urban green spaces: Measuring the effects of proximity to and size of urban green spaces on housing market values in San José, Costa Rica. Land Use Policy, 109, 105656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105656
  72. Plant, L., Rambaldi, A., & Sipe, N. (2017). Evaluating revealed preferences for street tree cover targets: a business case for collaborative investment in leafier streetscapes in Brisbane, Australia. Ecological Economics, 134, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.12.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.12.026
  73. Poudyal, N. C., Hodges, D. G., & Merrett, C. D. (2009). A hedonic analysis of the demand for and benefits of urban recreation parks. Land Use Policy, 26(4), 975–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.11.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.11.008
  74. Priolo, I. (2023). Alluvione, “un evento epocale, mai accaduto prima nel Paese”. Available at: https://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/notizie/2023/maggio/alluvione-relazione-priolo (Accessed 25 May 2023).
  75. Rosen, S. (1974). Hedonic prices and implicit markets: product differentiation in pure competition. Journal of Political Economy, 82(1), 34–55. https://doi.org/10.1086/260169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/260169
  76. Sabelli, C. (2023). Il ruolo del cambiamento climatico nelle alluvioni in Emilia-Romagna. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/d43978-023-00083-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d43978-023-00083-y
  77. Sander, H. A., & Haight, R. G. (2012). Estimating the economic value of cultural ecosystem services in an urbanizing area using hedonic pricing. Journal of Environmental Management, 113, 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.031
  78. Sander, H. A., & Polasky, S. (2009). The value of views and open space: estimates from a hedonic pricing model for Ramsey County, Minnesota, USA. Land Use Policy, 26(3), 837–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.10.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.10.009
  79. Schaeffer, Y., & Dissart, J. C. (2018). Natural and environmental amenities: a review of definitions, measures and issues. Ecological Economics, 146, 475–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.12.001
  80. Schaerer, C., Baranzini, A., Ramirez, J. V., & Thalmann, P. (2008). Using the hedonic approach to value natural land uses in an urban area: an application to Geneva and Zurich. Économie publique/Public economics (20), 147–167. https://doi.org/10.4000/economiepublique.7332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/economiepublique.7332
  81. Schläpfer, F., Waltert, F., Segura, L., & Kienast, F. (2015). Valuation of landscape amenities: a hedonic pricing analysis of housing rents in urban, suburban and periurban Switzerland. Landscape and Urban Planning, 141, 24–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.04.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.04.007
  82. Shinozaki, T., Tanabe, H., Fujiwara, K., & Yokoo, N. (2019). The influence of environmental factors on housing transaction price in local cities in Japan. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 294, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/294/1/012023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/294/1/012023
  83. Sikorska, D., Wojnowska-Heciak, M., Heciak, J., Bukowska, J., Łaszkiewicz, E., Hopkins, R. J., & Sikorski, P. (2023). Rethinking urban green spaces for urban resilience. Do green spaces need adaptation to meet public post-covid expectations? Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 80, 127838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127838 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127838
  84. Taruttis, L., & Weber, C. (2022). Estimating the impact of energy efficiency on housing prices in Germany: does regional disparity matter? Energy Economics, 105, 105750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105750 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105750
  85. Tempesta, T. (2015). Benefits and costs of urban parks: a review. Aestimum, 67, 127–143. https://doi.org/10.13128/Aestimum-17943 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13128/Aestimum-17943
  86. Teo, H. C., Fung, T. K., Song, X. P., Belcher, R. N., Siman, K., Chan, I. Z. W., & Koh, L. P. (2023). Increasing contribution of urban greenery to residential real estate valuation over time. Sustainable Cities and Society, 96, 104689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104689
  87. Tyrväinen, L., & Miettinen, A. (2000). Property Prices and Urban Forest Amenities. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 39(2), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1999.1097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1999.1097
  88. United Nations. (2019). World Urbanization Prospects The 2018 Revision. Available at: https://population.un.org/wup/assets/WUP2018-Report.pdf (Accessed 24 March 2023).
  89. United Nations. (2022). World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf (Accessed 24 March 2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210014380
  90. Wasson, J. R., McLeod, D. M., Bastian, C. T., & Rashford, B. S. (2013). The effects of environmental amenities on agricultural land values. Land Economics, 89, 466–478. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24243720 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/le.89.3.466
  91. Wilhelmsson, M. (2019). Energy performance certificates and its capitalization in housing values in Sweden. Sustainability, 11(21), 6101. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216101
  92. Wu, C., Du, Y., Li, S., Liu, P., & Ye, X. (2022). Does visual contact with green space impact housing pricesʔ An integrated approach of machine learning and hedonic modeling based on the perception of green space. Land Use Policy, 115, 106048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106048
  93. Zancanella, P., Bertoldi, P., & Bertoldi, P. (2018). Energy efficiency, the value of buildings and the payment default risk. EUR 29471 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, JRC113215. https://doi.org/10.2760/267367