Original Articles - Urban, Land, Environmental Appraisal and Economics
Circular, Cultural and Creative City Index: a Comparison of Indicators-based Methods with a Machine-Learning Approach
Giuliano Poli- Maria Cerreta
Published 2023-02-13
Keywords
- Benchmarking cultural cities,
- Composite indicator(s),
- Machine learning,
- Urban monitoring
Abstract
Culture, creativity and circularity are driving forces for the transition of cities towards sustainable development models. This contribution proposes a data-driven quantitative methodology to compute cultural performance indices of cities (C4 Index) and thus compare results derived by subjective and objective assessment methods within the case study of the Metropolitan City of Naples. After data processing with Machine-Learning (ML) algorithms, two methods for weighting the indicators were compared: principal component analysis (PCA) and geographically weighted linear combination (WLC) with budget allocation. The results highlight similar trends among higher performance in seaside cities and lower levels in the inner areas, although some divergences between rankings. The proposed methodology was addressed to fill the research gap in comparing results obtained with different aggregation methods, allowing a choice consistent with the decision-making environment.
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References
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Garcia-Bernabeu, A., Cabello, J. M., & Ruiz, F. (2020). A Multi-Criteria Reference Point Based Approach for Assessing Regional Innovation Performance in Spain. Mathematics, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/math8050797
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Greco, S., Ishizaka, A., Tasiou, M., & Torrisi, G. (2018). On the methodological framework of composite indices: A review of the issues of weighting, aggregation, and robustness. Social Indicators Research, 141(1), 61–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1832-9
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Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291817
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Ortega-Villa, L. M., & Ley-Garcia, J. (2017). Analysis of cultural indicators: A comparison of their conceptual basis and dimensions. Social Indicators Research, 137(2), 413–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1588-2
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Phillis, Y. A., Kouikoglou, V. S., & Verdugo, C. (2017). Urban sustainability assessment and ranking of cities. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64, 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.03.002
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Van Puyenbroeck, T., Montalto, V., & Saisana, M. (2021). Benchmarking culture in Europe: A data envelopment analysis approach to identify city-specific strengths. European Journal of Operational Research, 288(2), 584–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.05.058
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Zhang, L., Xu, Y., Yeh, C.-H., Liu, Y., & Zhou, D. (2016). City sustainability evaluation using multi-criteria decision making with objective weights of interdependent criteria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 131, 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.153
Bridgens, B., Hobson, K., Lilley, D., Lee, J., Scott, J. L., & Wilson, G. T. (2019). Closing the Loop on E-waste: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(1), 169–181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12645
Bucherie, A., Hultquist, C., Adamo, S., Neely, C., Ayala, F., Bazo, J., & Kruczkiewicz, A. (2022). A comparison of social vulnerability indices specific to flooding in Ecuador: Principal component analysis (PCA) and expert knowledge. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 73, 102897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102897
Carli, R., Dotoli, M., & Pellegrino, R. (2018). Multi-criteria decision-making for sustainable metropolitan cities assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 226, 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.075
Cerreta, M., & Muccio, E., Poli, G., Regalbuto, S., Romano, F. (2021). A multidimensional evaluation for regenerative strategies: Towards a circular city-port model implementation. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 178, 1067 – 1077, 4th International Symposium on New Metropolitan Perspectives, NMP, Reggio Calabria, 26-28 May 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48279-4_100
Cerreta, M., & Muccio, E., Poli, G. (2022). Assessing Tangible and Intangible Values of Cultural Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Regeneration Strategies. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 482, 1990 – 1999, 5th International Symposium on New Metropolitan Perspectives, NMP, Reggio Calabria, 25-27 May 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06825-6_191
Cheshire, D. (2021). What is a Circular Economy? In The Handbook to Building a Circular Economy (pp. 4–13). RIBA Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003212775-2
Commissione europea, Centro comune di ricerca, Langedijk, S., Saisana, M., Montalto, V., & Jorge Tacao Moura, C. (2018). The cultural and creative cities monitor : 2017 edition. Publications Office.
De Jorge-Moreno, J., & De Jorge-Huertas, V. (2020). Measuring European cultural and creative cities efficiency: A metafrontier DEA approach. Journal of Economic Studies, 47(4), 891–909. https://doi.org/10.1108/jes-06-2019-0265
De Montis, A., De Toro, P., Droste-Franke, B., Omann, I., & Stagl, S. (2004). Assessing the quality of different MCDA methods. In Alternatives for Environmental Valuation. Routledge.
Della Spina, L. (2019). Multidimensional assessment for “culture-led” and “community-driven” urban regeneration as driver for trigger economic vitality in urban historic centers. Sustainability, 11(24), 7237. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247237
Dodge, Y. (2008). The Concise Encyclopedia of Statistics. Springer Science & Business Media.
Dubickis, M., & Gaile-Sarkane, E. (2015). Perspectives on Innovation and Technology Transfer. 20th International Scientific Conference “Economics and Management 2015 (ICEM-2015),” 213, 965–970. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.512
Dziuban, C. D., & Shirkey, E. C. (1974). When is a correlation matrix appropriate for factor analysis? Some decision rules. Psychological Bulletin, 81(6), 358–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036316
Economic and Social Council. (2019). Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. United Nation . https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/50th-session/documents/2019-2-IAEG-SDG-E.pdf
Ehnert, F., Kern, F., Borgström, S., Gorissen, L., Maschmeyer, S., & Egermann, M. (2018). Urban sustainability transitions in a context of multi-level governance: A comparison of four European states. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 26, 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.05.002
Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2015a). Delivering the circular economy: A toolkit for policymakers. https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/a-toolkit-for-policymakers
Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2015b). Growth within: A circular economy vision for a competitive Europe. Report. https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/growth-within-a-circular-economy-vision-for-a-competitive-europe
European Commission Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. (2015). Closing the loop - An EU action plan for the Circular Economy 2015.
Eurostat. (2015). Regions in the European Union: Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics : NUTS 2013/EU-28. European Union.
Ferrara, A. R., & Nisticò, R. (2015). Regional well-being indicators and dispersion from a multidimensional perspective: evidence from Italy. Annals of Regional Science, 55(2–3), 373–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-015-0704-y
Filmer, D., & Pritchett, L. H. (2001). Estimating Wealth Effects Without Expenditure Data—Or Tears: An Application To Educational Enrollments In States Of India*. Demography, 38(1), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0003
Florida, R., Mellander, C., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2013). The happiness of cities. Regional Studies, 47(4), 613–627. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2011.589830
Fusco Girard, L., & Nocca, F. (2019). Moving towards the circular economy/city model: Which tools for operationalizing this model? Sustainability, 11(22), 6253. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226253
Fusco Girard, L., Nocca, F., & Gravagnuolo, A. (2019). Matera: City of nature, city of culture, city of regeneration. Towards a landscape-based and culture-based urban circular economy. Aestimum, 74, 5–42. https://doi.org/10.13128/aestim-7007
Galli, A., Đurović, G., Hanscom, L., & Knežević, J. (2018). Think globally, act locally: Implementing the sustainable development goals in Montenegro. Environmental Science & Policy, 84, 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.03.012
Garcia-Bernabeu, A., Cabello, J. M., & Ruiz, F. (2020). A Multi-Criteria Reference Point Based Approach for Assessing Regional Innovation Performance in Spain. Mathematics, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/math8050797
Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., & Meijers, E. (2007). City-ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities.
Greco, S., Ishizaka, A., Tasiou, M., & Torrisi, G. (2018). On the methodological framework of composite indices: A review of the issues of weighting, aggregation, and robustness. Social Indicators Research, 141(1), 61–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1832-9
Grossi, E., Tavano Blessi, G., Sacco, P. L., & Buscema, M. (2011). The interaction between culture, health and psychological well-being: Data mining from the Italian culture and well-being project. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9254-x
Isabel Escalona Orcao, A., Antonio Sáez Pérez, L., & Bélen Sànchez-Valverde Garcìa. (2017). Patterns and drivers of cultural economy in Spain’s extra-metropolitan small towns. Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research, 27–45.
Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291817
Kaiser, H. F., & Rice, J. (1974). Little Jiffy, Mark Iv. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34(1), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447403400115
Köhler, J., Geels, F. W., Kern, F., Markard, J., Onsongo, E., Wieczorek, A., Alkemade, F., Avelino, F., Bergek, A., Boons, F., Fünfschilling, L., Hess, D., Holtz, G., Hyysalo, S., Jenkins, K., Kivimaa, P., Martiskainen, M., McMeekin, A., Mühlemeier, M. S., … Wells, P. (2019). An agenda for sustainability transitions research: State of the art and future directions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 31, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2019.01.004
Lehtonen, M., Sébastien, L., & Bauler, T. (2016). The multiple roles of sustainability indicators in informational governance: between intended use and unanticipated influence. Sustainability Governance and Transformation 2016: Informational Governance and Environmental Sustainability, 18, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.05.009
Montalto V, Moura CJ, T., Panella F, Alberti V, WE, B., & Saisana M. (2019). The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor: 2019 Edition. Publications Office of the European Union.
Munda, G. (2016). Multiple criteria decision analysis and sustainable development. In Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (pp. 1235–1267). Springer New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3094-4_27
Munda, G., & Saisana, M. (2010). Methodological considerations on regional sustainability assessment based on multicriteria and sensitivity analysis. Regional Studies, 45(2), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343401003713316
Nardo, M., Saisana, M., Saltelli, A., & Tarantola, S. (2005). Tools for Composite Indicators Building. Joint Research Centre (European Commission).
OECD, Union, E., & Commission, J. R. C.-E. (2008). Handbook on constructing composite indicators: Methodology and user guide. OECD Publishing.
Ortega-Villa, L. M., & Ley-Garcia, J. (2017). Analysis of cultural indicators: A comparison of their conceptual basis and dimensions. Social Indicators Research, 137(2), 413–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1588-2
Paoli, F., Pirlone, F., & Spadaro, I. (2022). Indicators for the circular city: A review and a proposal. Sustainability, 14(19), 11848. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911848
Phillis, Y. A., Kouikoglou, V. S., & Verdugo, C. (2017). Urban sustainability assessment and ranking of cities. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64, 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.03.002
Solutions for Youth Employment (S4YE). (2020). Orange economy: As a driver of jobs for youth. Solutions For Youth Employment. https://www.s4ye.org/node/3725
Traub, S., & Pianykh, O. S. (2022). Correction: An alternative to the black box: Strategy learning. PLOS ONE, 17(6), e0270441. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270441
UNESCO, & (the), W. B. (2021). Cities, Culture and Creativity: Leveraging culture and creativity for sustainable urban development and inclusive growth. UNESCO Publishing.
United Nation. (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development : A/RES/70/1.
United Nations. (2016). Draft outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III). 22 p.
Van Puyenbroeck, T., Montalto, V., & Saisana, M. (2021). Benchmarking culture in Europe: A data envelopment analysis approach to identify city-specific strengths. European Journal of Operational Research, 288(2), 584–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.05.058
Wang, F. (2009). Factor analysis and principal-components analysis. In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 1–7). Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10377-4
Williams, J. (2019). Circular cities: Challenges to implementing looping actions. Sustainability, 11(2), 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020423
World Economic Forum. (2018). Circular Economy in Cities: Evolving the model for a sustainable urban future.
Zhang, L., Xu, Y., Yeh, C.-H., Liu, Y., & Zhou, D. (2016). City sustainability evaluation using multi-criteria decision making with objective weights of interdependent criteria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 131, 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.153