Original Research Article
Published 2023-05-29
Keywords
- Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Life Cycle Costing (LCC); Wine; Packaging; Sustainability
How to Cite
Massaglia, S., Verduna, T., Varchetta, V., Brun, F., & Blanc, S. (2023). The impact of alternative packaging on the life cycle of wine on tap. Wine Economics and Policy, 12(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.36253/wep-13016
Copyright (c) 2023 Stefano Massaglia, Tibor Verduna, Vincenzo Varchetta, Filippo Brun, Simone Blanc
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Sustainability is a key objective of development policies within international organizations, and it is also progressively gaining importance in the wine industry as a whole and, more specifically, in the draught wine market. The competitive conditions of the wine sector and the evolution of consumption styles have led to an increasing need for more accurate management strategies and analysis activities to determine the performance of wineries. This study aims to analyse both the environmental and the economic concerns of a commercial development strategy implemented by an Italian winery that uses three packaging formats (glass bottle, one-way PET keg, and reusable steel keg) in the sale of Falanghina PGI wine on three different markets (domestic, Italy; regional, Germany; and international, USA). By assessing the environmental and economic impact of the different formats on the three scenarios through LCA and LCC analysis, it is revealed that the economic and environmental sustainability of packaging types can vary significantly depending on the market destinations. In any case, the results show that PET, and especially reusable materials such as steel, can lead to a marked reduction in impacts on the market for tapped wine.
References
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2. Flores, S.S. What is sustainability in the wine world? A cross-country analysis of wine sustainability frameworks. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 172, 2301–2312.
3. Deroover, K.; Siegrist, M.; Brain, K.; McIntyre, J.; Bucher, T. A scoping review on consumer behaviour related to wine and health. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2021, 112, 559–580.
4. Strub, L.; Kurth, A.; Loose, S.M. Effects of viticultural mechanization on working time requirements and production costs. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2021, 72, 46–55.
5. Sellers-Rubio, R. Evaluating the economic performance of Spanish wineries. Int. J. Wine Bus. Res. 2010, 22, 73–84.
6. Migliaccio, G.; Tucci, L. Economic assets and financial performance of Italian wine companies. Int. J. Wine Bus. Res. 2020, 32, 325–352.
7. Nesselhauf, L.; Deker, J.S.; Fleuchaus, R. Information and involvement: the influence on the acceptance of innovative wine packaging. Int. J. Wine Bus. Res. 2017, 29, 285–298.
8. Schwarz, A.E.; Ligthart, T.N.; Boukris, E.; van Harmelen, T. Sources, transport, and accumulation of different types of plastic litter in aquatic environments: A review study. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019, 143, 92–100.
9. Boesen, S.; Bey, N.; Niero, M. Environmental sustainability of liquid food packaging: Is there a gap between Danish consumers’ perception and learnings from life cycle assessment? J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 210, 1193–1206.
10. Brennan, L.; Langley, S.; Verghese, K.; Lockrey, S.; Ryder, M.; Francis, C.; Phan-Le, N.T.; Hill, A. The role of packaging in fighting food waste: A systematised review of consumer perceptions of packaging. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 281.
11. Molina-Besch, K.; Wikström, F.; Williams, H. The environmental impact of packaging in food supply chains—does life cycle assessment of food provide the full picture? Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2019, 24, 37–50.
12. Nuebling, M.; Behnke, C. Wine on tap: Wine consumers’, restaurants’, and wineries’ perspectives of wine on tap. Wine Vitic. J. 2017, 32, 68–71.
13. Pougnet, S.; Martin-Rios, C. Keg wine as a sustainability-oriented innovation. Proc. XXX ISPIM Innov. Conf. 2019, 12 p.
14. Russo, V.; Strever, A.E.; Ponstein, H.J. Exploring sustainability potentials in vineyards through LCA? Evidence from farming practices in South Africa. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2021.
15. Harb, W.; Zaydan, R.; Vieira, M. Improving environmental performance in wine production by life cycle assessment: case of Lebanese wine. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2021.
16. Laca, A.; Gancedo, S.; Laca, A.; Díaz, M. Assessment of the environmental impacts associated with vineyards and winemaking. A case study in mountain areas. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021, 28, 1204–1223.
17. Bonamente, E.; Scrucca, F.; Rinaldi, S.; Merico, M.C.; Asdrubali, F.; Lamastra, L. Environmental impact of an Italian wine bottle: Carbon and water footprint assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 560–561, 274–283.
18. Amienyo, D.; Camilleri, C.; Azapagic, A. Environmental impacts of consumption of Australian red wine in the UK. J. Clean. Prod. 2014, 72, 110–119.
19. Taylor, A.S.; Cook, D.C. An economic assessment of the impact on the Western Australian viticulture industry from the incursion of grapevine downy mildew. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 2018, 125, 397–403.
20. Aparicio, J.; Tenza-Abril, A.J.; Borg, M.; Galea, J.; Candela, L. Agricultural irrigation of vine crops from desalinated and brackish groundwater under an economic perspective. A case study in Siġġiewi, Malta. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 650, 734–740.
21. Falcone, G.; Strano, A.; Stillitano, T.; De Luca, A.I.; Iofrida, N.; Gulisano, G. Integrated sustainability appraisal of wine-growing management systems through LCA and LCC Methodologies. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2015, 44, 223–228.
22. Zhang, C.; Rosentrater, K.A. Estimating economic and environmental impacts of red-wine-making processes in the USA. Fermentation 2019, 5.
23. García-Alcaraz, J.L.; Flor Montalvo, F.J.; Martínez Cámara, E.; Pérez de la Parte, M.M.; Jiménez-Macías, E.; Blanco-Fernández, J. Economic-environmental impact analysis of alternative systems for red wine ageing in re-used barrels. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 244.
24. Amienyo, D.; Azapagic, A. Life cycle environmental impacts and costs of beer production and consumption in the UK. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2016, 21, 492–509.
25. Cimini, A.; Moresi, M. Carbon footprint of a pale lager packed in different formats: Assessment and sensitivity analysis based on transparent data. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 4196–4213.
26. Ferrara, C.; Zigarelli, V.; De Feo, G. Attitudes of a sample of consumers towards more sustainable wine packaging alternatives. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 271.
27. Cleary, J. Life cycle assessments of wine and spirit packaging at the product and the municipal scale: A Toronto, Canada case study. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 44, 143–151.
28. Ponstein, H.J.; Ghinoi, S.; Steiner, B. How to increase sustainability in the Finnish wine supply chain? Insights from a country of origin based greenhouse gas emissions analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 226, 768–780.
29. Ferrara, C.; De Feo, G. Comparative life cycle assessment of alternative systems for wine packaging in Italy. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 259.
30. ISPRA Municipal waste report, 331/2020.
31. Federal Ministry for the Environment Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Waste Management in Germany 2018 – Facts, data, diagrams. BMUV 2018, 44.
32. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Containers and Packaging: Product-Specific Data.
33. Verduna, T.; Blanc, S.; Merlino, V.M.; Cornale, P.; Battaglini, L.M. Sustainability of Four Dairy Farming Scenarios in an Alpine Environment: The Case Study of Toma di Lanzo Cheese. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020, 7.
34. Hunkeler, D.; Lichtenvort, K.; Rebitzer, G. Environmental life cycle costing; Crc press, 2008; ISBN 1420054732.
35. Swarr, T.E.; Hunkeler, D.; Klöpffer, W.; Pesonen, H.-L.; Ciroth, A.; Brent, A.C.; Pagan, R. Environmental life-cycle costing: A code of practice. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2011, 16, 389–391.
36. Blanc, S.; Massaglia, S.; Brun, F.; Peano, C.; Mosso, A.; Giuggioli, R.N. Use of Bio-Based Plastics in the Fruit Supply Chain: An Integrated Approach to Assess Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainability. Sustain. 2019, 11.
37. Molina-Besch, K.; Pålsson, H. A simplified environmental evaluation tool for food packaging to support decision-making in packaging development. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2020, 33, 141–157.
38. Brock, A.; Williams, I. Life cycle assessment of beverage packaging. Detritus 2020, 13, 47–61.
39. Wohner, B.; Gabriel, V.H.; Krenn, B.; Krauter, V.; Tacker, M. Environmental and economic assessment of food-packaging systems with a focus on food waste. Case study on tomato ketchup. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 738.
40. Mahmoudi, M.; Parviziomran, I. Reusable packaging in supply chains: A review of environmental and economic impacts, logistics system designs, and operations management. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 2020, 228.
41. Merlino, V.M.; Fracassetti, D.; Di Canito, A.; Pizzi, S.; Borra, D.; Giuggioli, N.R.; Vigentini, I. Is the consumer ready for innovative fruit wines? Perception and acceptability of young consumers. Foods 2021, 10.
42. Capitello, R.; Agnoli, L.; Charters, S.; Begalli, D. Labelling environmental and terroir attributes: Young Italian consumers’ wine preferences. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 304.
43. Aversa, C.; Barletta, M.; Gisario, A.; Pizzi, E.; Prati, R.; Vesco, S. Design, manufacturing and preliminary assessment of the suitability of bioplastic bottles for wine packaging. Polym. Test. 2021, 100.
44. Merlino, V.M.; Brun, F.; Versino, A.; Blanc, S. Milk packaging innovation: Consumer perception and willingness to pay. AIMS Agric. Food 2020, 5, 307–326.
45. Foschi, E.; Zanni, S.; Bonoli, A. Combining eco-design and LCA as decision-making process to prevent plastics in packaging application. Sustain. 2020, 12, 1–13.
46. Simon, B.; Amor, M. Ben; Földényi, R. Life cycle impact assessment of beverage packaging systems: focus on the collection of post-consumer bottles. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 238–248.
47. Thompson-Witrick, K.A.; Pitts, E.R.; Nemenyi, J.L.; Budner, D. The impact packaging type has on the flavor of wine. Beverages 2021, 7.