Impacts of heat waves on agricultural workers: An analysis of adaptation measures

Abstract

This study evaluates the effectiveness of different farm-level adaptation measures aimed at mitigating the adverse impacts of heat waves on labour productivity. Despite the increasing frequency of heat waves, existing literature on occupational heat stress primarily relies on modelled estimates. To address this gap, exploratory interviews and structured questionnaires were employed to identify key challenges posed by heat waves, as well as the perceived benefits and limitations of different adaptation strategies. Data were collected from nine farms located in Emilia-Romagna (Northeast Italy), all of which were characterized by a long-term commitment to improving working conditions. The Analytic Hierarchy Process was used to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of adaptation measures according to three criteria: acceptability, flexibility, and timeliness. Findings indicate that, in the absence of adaptation strategies, productivity losses may reach up to 30%. Among the measures assessed, shifting work hours was identified as the most effective strategy. The study underscores the need for structured thermal risk assessment protocols and provides recommendations to inform sustainable and worker-centered adaptation policies in the agricultural sector.